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'''Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 2''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the SKA2 [[gene]] found in [[chromosome 17]]. SKA2 is a part of a spindle and kinetochore associated complex also including SKA1 and [[SKA3]] which is responsible for onset of the anaphase in mitosis by regulating chromosomal segregation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/348235 |title=SKA2 |accessdate=3 Aug 2014 |publisher=[[Entrez Gene]]}}</ref><ref name="pmid17093495">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanisch A, Silljé HH, Nigg EA | title = Timely anaphase onset requires a novel spindle and kinetochore complex comprising Ska1 and Ska2 | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 25 | issue = 23 | pages = 5504–15 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17093495 | pmc = 1679759 | doi = 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601426 }}</ref> | |||
SKA2 may function as a prognostic gene marker for identifying [[lung cancer]]<ref name="pmid26162986">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Weng H, Li Y, Cai W, Xie M, Long Y, Ai Q, Liu Z, Du G, Wang S, Niu Y, Song F, Ozaki T, Bu Y | title = The gene pair PRR11 and SKA2 shares a NF-Y-regulated bidirectional promoter and contributes to lung cancer development | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1849 | issue = 9 | pages = 1133–44 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26162986 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.002 }}</ref> as well as a proposed biomarker for suicidal tendencies and post-traumatic stress disorders.<ref name="pmid25073599">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guintivano J, Brown T, Newcomer A, Jones M, Cox O, Maher BS, Eaton WW, Payne JL, Wilcox HC, Kaminsky ZA | title = Identification and replication of a combined epigenetic and genetic biomarker predicting suicide and suicidal behaviors | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 171 | issue = 12 | pages = 1287–96 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25073599 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010008 }}</ref><ref name="news1">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/prototype-blood-test-will-assess-for-suicide-risk-in-soldiers-9644618.html |title=Prototype blood test will assess for suicide risk in soldiers | publisher=The Independent (UK)| date=3 Aug 2014 | accessdate=3 Aug 2014 }}</ref> The ''SKA2'' gene contains one [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP) rs7208505 located in the [[3' UTR]]. This genetic variant containing a [[cytosine]] (existing in the less common allele) instead of [[thymine]] along with epigenetic modification (such as [[DNA methylation]]) is correlated with suicidal tendencies and post-traumatic stress.<ref name="pmid25073599"/> | |||
== Discovery == | |||
SKA2 protein was first documented as a product of as hypothetical gene ''FAM33A'' part of a Spindle and Kinetochore (KT)- associated complex necessary for timely anaphase onset. SKA2 was identified as the partner of SKA1, hence the name in 2006.<ref name="pmid17093495"/> Later on the 3rd component of the SKA complex was mass spectrometrically identified as C13Orf3 later referred to as SKA3.<ref name="pmid19360002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gaitanos TN, Santamaria A, Jeyaprakash AA, Wang B, Conti E, Nigg EA | title = Stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions depend on the Ska complex and its new component Ska3/C13Orf3 | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 1442–52 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19360002 | pmc = 2669960 | doi = 10.1038/emboj.2009.96 }}</ref> This complex plays an important role in the cell during mitotic transition from the metaphase to the anaphase.<ref name="pmid17093495"/> | |||
== | == Protein structure and sub-cellular localization == | ||
''SKA2'' gene product is a 121 amino acid long chain and a molecular weight of 14,188 Da containing mainly 3 helices.<ref name="pmid22483620">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeyaprakash AA, Santamaria A, Jayachandran U, Chan YW, Benda C, Nigg EA, Conti E | title = Structural and functional organization of the Ska complex, a key component of the kinetochore-microtubule interface | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–86 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22483620 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.005 }}</ref> Homologues of SKA2 protein being very small are found in several vertebrates but absent in invertebrates.<ref name="pmid17093495"/> | |||
This protein mainly localizes in the condensed chromosome and to the outer spindle and kinetochore microtubules during mitosis.<ref name="pmid17093495"/> The SKA2 proteins localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore associated proteins such as SKA1 and SKA3.<ref name="pmid19289083">{{cite journal | vauthors = Welburn JP, Grishchuk EL, Backer CB, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Yates JR, Cheeseman IM | title = The human kinetochore Ska1 complex facilitates microtubule depolymerization-coupled motility | journal = Developmental Cell | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 374–85 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19289083 | pmc = 2746561 | doi = 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.011 }}</ref> | |||
== | == Function == | ||
The SKA2 is a part of the larger spindle and kinetochore complex which is a sub-complex of the outer kinetochore and binds to the microtubules.<ref name="pmid17093495"/><ref name="pmid19289083"/><ref name="pmid23085020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt JC, Arthanari H, Boeszoermenyi A, Dashkevich NM, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Monnier N, Markus M, Oberer M, Milligan RA, Bathe M, Wagner G, Grishchuk EL, Cheeseman IM | title = The kinetochore-bound Ska1 complex tracks depolymerizing microtubules and binds to curved protofilaments | journal = Developmental Cell | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 968–80 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23085020 | pmc = 3500403 | doi = 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.09.012 }}</ref> This complex is essential for the correctly timed onset of [[anaphase]] during [[mitosis]] by helping in the [[chromosomal segregation]]<ref name="pmid17093495"/> and aids in the movement of microspheres along a microtubule in a depolymerisation-coupled manner, since it is a direct component in the kinetochore-microtubule interface along with directly associating with the microtubules as assemblies.<ref name="pmid23085020"/> | |||
A reduced expression of SKA2 results in the loss of the complex from the [[kinetochore]], however this loss of SKA-complex doesn’t affect the overall structure of the Kinetochore yet the fibres show increased cold-sensitivity due to the loss. The cell goes through a prolonged delay in a metaphase-like state.<ref name="pmid17093495"/> It has been concluded that SKA2 regulates the maintenance of the [[metaphase]] plate and silencing of the spindle checkpoint leading to the onset of [[anaphase]] during mitosis.<ref name="pmid17093495"/> SKA2 also interacts with the [[glucocorticoid receptor]] aiding in the chaperoning of the receptor in the nucleus.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rice L, Waters CE, Eccles J, Garside H, Sommer P, Kay P, Blackhall FH, Zeef L, Telfer B, Stratford I, Clarke R, Singh D, Stevens A, White A, Ray DW | title = Identification and functional analysis of SKA2 interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor | journal = The Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 198 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–509 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18583474 | pmc = 2518725 | doi = 10.1677/joe-08-0019 }}</ref> | |||
==Clinical significance== | |||
== | ===Suicidal tendencies and post-traumatic stress disorder=== | ||
The [[DNA methylation]] of ''SKA2'' gene and the [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism]] rs7208505 genotype may have effects on suicidal behaviour according to linear model suggested by a study in 2014. The genotype rs7208505 contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a [[Cytosine]] variant allele instead of [[Thymine]] present in the common allele. This SNP allows the dinucleotide repeat (CpG) elements to occur providing a gene segment for methylation. Thus [[DNA methylation]] alone may be the primary factor conferring risk of suicidal behaviour. A study of allele of rs7208505 in different ethnic groups along with numerous psychiatric diagnosis suggested that the variation in SKA2 may mediate risk for suicidal behaviours that progress to attempt to suicide.<ref name="pmid25073599"/> | |||
=== | ===Lung cancer=== | ||
The | The ''SKA2'' gene along with ''PRR11'' gene as a pair is essential for the development of [[lung cancer]]. The pair of genes are separated by a 548 bp intergenic region, and having a classical head-to-head gene pair motif share a prototypical bidirectional promoter containing a common CCAAT element.<ref name="urlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874939912000582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wakano C, Byun JS, Di LJ, Gardner K | title = The dual lives of bidirectional promoters | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1819 | issue = 7 | pages = 688–93 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22366276 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.006 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874939912000582 | pmc = 3371153 }}</ref><ref name="doi10.1134/S0006297913040020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Orekhova AS, Rubtsov PM | title = Bidirectional promoters in the transcription of mammalian genomes | journal = Biochemistry. Biokhimiia | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 335–41 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23590436 | doi = 10.1134/S0006297913040020 }}</ref> This promoter is regulated by NF-Y is a sequence specific transcription factor and has long been considered an activator of genes since it contains particular properties suitable to regulate bidirectional promotor with the CCAAT box sequence. This bidirectional promotors couple expression of 2 genes (protein coding) involved in the same biochemical process to allow a synchronized temporal or environmental control. | ||
The 2 genes ''SKA2'' and ''PRR11'' are vital for accelerated growth and motility of lung cancer cells and have prognostic value for patients. Along with ''SKA2'', ''PRR11'' also plays a major role in regulating cell cycle progression but from the late S phase to mitosis.<ref name="pmid17093495"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhu H, Wang Y, Cai W, Zhu J, Ozaki T, Bu Y | title = PRR11 regulates late-S to G2/M phase progression and induces premature chromatin condensation (PCC) | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 458 | issue = 3 | pages = 501–8 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25666944 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.139 }}</ref> Thus, having vital roles to play in cell cycle progression at different stages, ''SKA2'' and ''PRR11'' may co-ordinately regulate lung cancer proliferation by deregulation of cell cycle progression.<ref name="pmid26162986"/> | |||
Since the transcription of ''SKA2'' gene produces the protein coding mRNA SKA2 along with 2 other introns ''miRNA301a'' and ''miRNAA454'', hence the function of the gene is not limited to production of a protein.<ref name="pmid26162986"/> These introns participate in tumorigenesis since ''miRNA301a'' regulates ''PTEN'', ''NKRF'', ''SMAD4'' and ''PIAS3'' and ''miRNAA454'' targets ''SMAD4'' playing an oncogenic role in human colon cancer.<ref name="urlhttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055532">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu L, Nie J, Chen L, Dong G, Du X, Wu X, Tang Y, Han W | title = The oncogenic role of microRNA-130a/301a/454 in human colorectal cancer via targeting Smad4 expression | journal = PLOS One | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = e55532 | date = 5 February 2013 | pmid = 23393589 | pmc = 3564758 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0055532 | url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0055532 }}</ref> | |||
=== | == Interactions == | ||
*SKA1 | *SKA1 | ||
*SKA3 | *SKA3 | ||
*GR ([[Glucocorticoid receptor]]) | *GR ([[Glucocorticoid receptor]]) | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|32em}} | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Biomarkers]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:18, 11 October 2018
| Spindle and Kinetochore Associated Complex Subunit 2 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | SKA2 |
| Alt. names | Family with Sequence Similarity 33. Member A, FAM33A, Spindle and KT (Kinetochore) Associated 2, Protein FAM33A |
| Entrez | 348235 |
| HUGO | 28006 |
| OMIM | 616674 |
| UniProt | Q8WVK7 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 17 q22 |
Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SKA2 gene found in chromosome 17. SKA2 is a part of a spindle and kinetochore associated complex also including SKA1 and SKA3 which is responsible for onset of the anaphase in mitosis by regulating chromosomal segregation.[1][2]
SKA2 may function as a prognostic gene marker for identifying lung cancer[3] as well as a proposed biomarker for suicidal tendencies and post-traumatic stress disorders.[4][5] The SKA2 gene contains one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7208505 located in the 3' UTR. This genetic variant containing a cytosine (existing in the less common allele) instead of thymine along with epigenetic modification (such as DNA methylation) is correlated with suicidal tendencies and post-traumatic stress.[4]
Discovery
SKA2 protein was first documented as a product of as hypothetical gene FAM33A part of a Spindle and Kinetochore (KT)- associated complex necessary for timely anaphase onset. SKA2 was identified as the partner of SKA1, hence the name in 2006.[2] Later on the 3rd component of the SKA complex was mass spectrometrically identified as C13Orf3 later referred to as SKA3.[6] This complex plays an important role in the cell during mitotic transition from the metaphase to the anaphase.[2]
Protein structure and sub-cellular localization
SKA2 gene product is a 121 amino acid long chain and a molecular weight of 14,188 Da containing mainly 3 helices.[7] Homologues of SKA2 protein being very small are found in several vertebrates but absent in invertebrates.[2] This protein mainly localizes in the condensed chromosome and to the outer spindle and kinetochore microtubules during mitosis.[2] The SKA2 proteins localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore associated proteins such as SKA1 and SKA3.[8]
Function
The SKA2 is a part of the larger spindle and kinetochore complex which is a sub-complex of the outer kinetochore and binds to the microtubules.[2][8][9] This complex is essential for the correctly timed onset of anaphase during mitosis by helping in the chromosomal segregation[2] and aids in the movement of microspheres along a microtubule in a depolymerisation-coupled manner, since it is a direct component in the kinetochore-microtubule interface along with directly associating with the microtubules as assemblies.[9]
A reduced expression of SKA2 results in the loss of the complex from the kinetochore, however this loss of SKA-complex doesn’t affect the overall structure of the Kinetochore yet the fibres show increased cold-sensitivity due to the loss. The cell goes through a prolonged delay in a metaphase-like state.[2] It has been concluded that SKA2 regulates the maintenance of the metaphase plate and silencing of the spindle checkpoint leading to the onset of anaphase during mitosis.[2] SKA2 also interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor aiding in the chaperoning of the receptor in the nucleus.[10]
Clinical significance
Suicidal tendencies and post-traumatic stress disorder
The DNA methylation of SKA2 gene and the Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7208505 genotype may have effects on suicidal behaviour according to linear model suggested by a study in 2014. The genotype rs7208505 contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) containing a Cytosine variant allele instead of Thymine present in the common allele. This SNP allows the dinucleotide repeat (CpG) elements to occur providing a gene segment for methylation. Thus DNA methylation alone may be the primary factor conferring risk of suicidal behaviour. A study of allele of rs7208505 in different ethnic groups along with numerous psychiatric diagnosis suggested that the variation in SKA2 may mediate risk for suicidal behaviours that progress to attempt to suicide.[4]
Lung cancer
The SKA2 gene along with PRR11 gene as a pair is essential for the development of lung cancer. The pair of genes are separated by a 548 bp intergenic region, and having a classical head-to-head gene pair motif share a prototypical bidirectional promoter containing a common CCAAT element.[11][12] This promoter is regulated by NF-Y is a sequence specific transcription factor and has long been considered an activator of genes since it contains particular properties suitable to regulate bidirectional promotor with the CCAAT box sequence. This bidirectional promotors couple expression of 2 genes (protein coding) involved in the same biochemical process to allow a synchronized temporal or environmental control. The 2 genes SKA2 and PRR11 are vital for accelerated growth and motility of lung cancer cells and have prognostic value for patients. Along with SKA2, PRR11 also plays a major role in regulating cell cycle progression but from the late S phase to mitosis.[2][13] Thus, having vital roles to play in cell cycle progression at different stages, SKA2 and PRR11 may co-ordinately regulate lung cancer proliferation by deregulation of cell cycle progression.[3] Since the transcription of SKA2 gene produces the protein coding mRNA SKA2 along with 2 other introns miRNA301a and miRNAA454, hence the function of the gene is not limited to production of a protein.[3] These introns participate in tumorigenesis since miRNA301a regulates PTEN, NKRF, SMAD4 and PIAS3 and miRNAA454 targets SMAD4 playing an oncogenic role in human colon cancer.[14]
Interactions
- SKA1
- SKA3
- GR (Glucocorticoid receptor)
References
- ↑ "SKA2". Entrez Gene. Retrieved 3 Aug 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Hanisch A, Silljé HH, Nigg EA (November 2006). "Timely anaphase onset requires a novel spindle and kinetochore complex comprising Ska1 and Ska2". The EMBO Journal. 25 (23): 5504–15. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601426. PMC 1679759. PMID 17093495.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Weng H, Li Y, Cai W, Xie M, Long Y, Ai Q, Liu Z, Du G, Wang S, Niu Y, Song F, Ozaki T, Bu Y (September 2015). "The gene pair PRR11 and SKA2 shares a NF-Y-regulated bidirectional promoter and contributes to lung cancer development". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1849 (9): 1133–44. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.002. PMID 26162986.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Guintivano J, Brown T, Newcomer A, Jones M, Cox O, Maher BS, Eaton WW, Payne JL, Wilcox HC, Kaminsky ZA (December 2014). "Identification and replication of a combined epigenetic and genetic biomarker predicting suicide and suicidal behaviors". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (12): 1287–96. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010008. PMID 25073599.
- ↑ "Prototype blood test will assess for suicide risk in soldiers". The Independent (UK). 3 Aug 2014. Retrieved 3 Aug 2014.
- ↑ Gaitanos TN, Santamaria A, Jeyaprakash AA, Wang B, Conti E, Nigg EA (May 2009). "Stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions depend on the Ska complex and its new component Ska3/C13Orf3". The EMBO Journal. 28 (10): 1442–52. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.96. PMC 2669960. PMID 19360002.
- ↑ Jeyaprakash AA, Santamaria A, Jayachandran U, Chan YW, Benda C, Nigg EA, Conti E (May 2012). "Structural and functional organization of the Ska complex, a key component of the kinetochore-microtubule interface". Molecular Cell. 46 (3): 274–86. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.005. PMID 22483620.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Welburn JP, Grishchuk EL, Backer CB, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Yates JR, Cheeseman IM (March 2009). "The human kinetochore Ska1 complex facilitates microtubule depolymerization-coupled motility". Developmental Cell. 16 (3): 374–85. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.011. PMC 2746561. PMID 19289083.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Schmidt JC, Arthanari H, Boeszoermenyi A, Dashkevich NM, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Monnier N, Markus M, Oberer M, Milligan RA, Bathe M, Wagner G, Grishchuk EL, Cheeseman IM (November 2012). "The kinetochore-bound Ska1 complex tracks depolymerizing microtubules and binds to curved protofilaments". Developmental Cell. 23 (5): 968–80. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.09.012. PMC 3500403. PMID 23085020.
- ↑ Rice L, Waters CE, Eccles J, Garside H, Sommer P, Kay P, Blackhall FH, Zeef L, Telfer B, Stratford I, Clarke R, Singh D, Stevens A, White A, Ray DW (September 2008). "Identification and functional analysis of SKA2 interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor". The Journal of Endocrinology. 198 (3): 499–509. doi:10.1677/joe-08-0019. PMC 2518725. PMID 18583474.
- ↑ Wakano C, Byun JS, Di LJ, Gardner K (July 2012). "The dual lives of bidirectional promoters". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1819 (7): 688–93. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.006. PMC 3371153. PMID 22366276.
- ↑ Orekhova AS, Rubtsov PM (April 2013). "Bidirectional promoters in the transcription of mammalian genomes". Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 78 (4): 335–41. doi:10.1134/S0006297913040020. PMID 23590436.
- ↑ Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhu H, Wang Y, Cai W, Zhu J, Ozaki T, Bu Y (March 2015). "PRR11 regulates late-S to G2/M phase progression and induces premature chromatin condensation (PCC)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 458 (3): 501–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.139. PMID 25666944.
- ↑ Liu L, Nie J, Chen L, Dong G, Du X, Wu X, Tang Y, Han W (5 February 2013). "The oncogenic role of microRNA-130a/301a/454 in human colorectal cancer via targeting Smad4 expression". PLOS One. 8 (2): e55532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055532. PMC 3564758. PMID 23393589.