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{{Infobox_gene}} | {{Infobox_gene}} | ||
'''Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SDHA'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid7798181">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirawake H, Wang H, Kuramochi T, Kojima S, Kita K | title = Human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of liver mitochondria | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 221–7 | date = | '''Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SDHA'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid7798181">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirawake H, Wang H, Kuramochi T, Kojima S, Kita K | title = Human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of liver mitochondria | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 221–7 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 7798181 | doi = }}</ref> This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. SDHA contains the [[flavin adenine dinucleotide|FAD]] binding site where [[succinate]] is deprotonated and converted to [[fumarate]]. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A [[pseudogene]] has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6389| access-date = }}</ref> | ||
==Structure== | == Structure == | ||
The SDHA gene is located on the p arm of [[chromosome 5]] at locus 15 and is composed of 16 exons.<ref name = "entrez" /> The SDHA [[protein]] encoded by this gene is 664 amino acids long and weighs 72.7 kDA.<ref name=COPaKB>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = | The SDHA gene is located on the p arm of [[chromosome 5]] at locus 15 and is composed of 16 exons.<ref name = "entrez" /> The SDHA [[protein]] encoded by this gene is 664 amino acids long and weighs 72.7 kDA.<ref name=COPaKB>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="url_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/P31040 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = SDHA - Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial }}</ref> | ||
== Function == | == Function == | ||
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The SDH complex is located on the inner membrane of the [[mitochondria]] and participates in both the [[citric acid cycle]] and the [[respiratory chain]]. The [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (SDH) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ubiquinol). Electrons removed from succinate transfer to SDHA, transfer across [[SDHB]] through [[iron sulfur cluster|iron sulphur clusters]] to the [[Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C|SDHC]]/[[SDHD]] subunits on the hydrophobic end of the complex anchored in the mitochondrial membrane. | The SDH complex is located on the inner membrane of the [[mitochondria]] and participates in both the [[citric acid cycle]] and the [[respiratory chain]]. The [[succinate dehydrogenase]] (SDH) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ubiquinol). Electrons removed from succinate transfer to SDHA, transfer across [[SDHB]] through [[iron sulfur cluster|iron sulphur clusters]] to the [[Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C|SDHC]]/[[SDHD]] subunits on the hydrophobic end of the complex anchored in the mitochondrial membrane. | ||
Initially, SDHA oxidizes [[succinate]] via [[deprotonation]] at the [[flavin adenine dinucleotide|FAD]] binding site, forming [[FADH2|FADH<sub>2</sub>]] and leaving [[fumarate]], loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. The electrons derived from succinate tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay in the [[SDHB]] subunit until they reach the [3Fe-4S] [[iron sulfur cluster]]. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting [[ubiquinone]] molecule at the Q pool active site in the [[SDHC (gene)|SDHC]]/[[SDHD]] dimer. The O1 [[carbonyl]] oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by [[hydrogen bond]] interactions with Tyr83 of [[SDHD]]. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of [[SDHC (gene)|SDHC]]. Following the first single electron reduction step, a [[semiquinone]] radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full reduction of the ubiquinone to [[ubiquinol]].<ref>{{cite journal| | Initially, SDHA oxidizes [[succinate]] via [[deprotonation]] at the [[flavin adenine dinucleotide|FAD]] binding site, forming [[FADH2|FADH<sub>2</sub>]] and leaving [[fumarate]], loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. The electrons derived from succinate tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay in the [[SDHB]] subunit until they reach the [3Fe-4S] [[iron sulfur cluster]]. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting [[ubiquinone]] molecule at the Q pool active site in the [[SDHC (gene)|SDHC]]/[[SDHD]] dimer. The O1 [[carbonyl]] oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by [[hydrogen bond]] interactions with Tyr83 of [[SDHD]]. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of [[SDHC (gene)|SDHC]]. Following the first single electron reduction step, a [[semiquinone]] radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full reduction of the ubiquinone to [[ubiquinol]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Horsefield R, Yankovskaya V, Sexton G, Whittingham W, Shiomi K, Omura S, Byrne B, Cecchini G, Iwata S | title = Structural and computational analysis of the quinone-binding site of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): a mechanism of electron transfer and proton conduction during ubiquinone reduction | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 281 | issue = 11 | pages = 7309–16 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16407191 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.m508173200 }}</ref> | ||
SDHA acts as an intermediate in the basic SDH enzyme action: | SDHA acts as an intermediate in the basic SDH enzyme action: | ||
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== Clinical significance == | == Clinical significance == | ||
[[allele|Bi-allelic]] mutations (i.e. both copies of the gene are mutated) have been described in [[Leigh syndrome]], a progressive brain disorder that typically appears in infancy or early childhood. Affected children may experience vomiting, seizures, delayed development, muscle weakness, and problems with movement. Heart disease, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing can also occur in people with this disorder. The SDHA gene mutations responsible for Leigh syndrome change single amino acids in the SDHA protein or result in an abnormally short protein. These genetic changes disrupt the activity of the SDH enzyme, impairing the ability of mitochondria to produce energy. It is not known, however, how mutations in the SDHA gene are related to the specific features of Leigh syndrome. | [[allele|Bi-allelic]] mutations (i.e. both copies of the gene are mutated) have been described in [[Leigh syndrome]], a progressive brain disorder that typically appears in infancy or early childhood. Affected children may experience vomiting, seizures, delayed development, muscle weakness, and problems with movement. Heart disease, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing can also occur in people with this disorder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leigh syndrome |url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leigh-syndrome |website=Genetics Home Reference |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=30 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The SDHA gene mutations responsible for Leigh syndrome change single amino acids in the SDHA protein, such as a G555E mutation observed in multiple patients,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pagnamenta AT, Hargreaves IP, Duncan AJ, Taanman JW, Heales SJ, Land JM, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Leonard JV, Rahman S | title = Phenotypic variability of mitochondrial disease caused by a nuclear mutation in complex II | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 214–21 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 16798039 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.05.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Coster R, Seneca S, Smet J, Van Hecke R, Gerlo E, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Leroy JG, De Meirleir L, Lissens W | title = Homozygous Gly555Glu mutation in the nuclear-encoded 70 kDa flavoprotein gene causes instability of the respiratory chain complex II | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A | volume = 120A | issue = 1 | pages = 13–8 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12794685 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.a.10202 }}</ref> or result in an abnormally short protein. These genetic changes disrupt the activity of the SDH enzyme, impairing the ability of mitochondria to produce energy. It is not known, however, how mutations in the SDHA gene are related to the specific features of Leigh syndrome. | ||
SDHA is a tumour suppressor gene, and heterozygous carriers have an increased risk of [[paraganglioma]]s as well as pheochromocytomas and renal cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SDHA#conditions|title=SDHA|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> Risk management for heterozygous carriers of an SDHA mutation can involve annual urine tests for metanephrines and 3-methoxytyramine and MRIs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eviq.org.au/|title=eviQ Cancer Treatments Online > eviQ home|last=Online|first=eviQ Cancer Treatments|website=www.eviq.org.au|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> | SDHA is a tumour suppressor gene, and heterozygous carriers have an increased risk of [[paraganglioma]]s as well as pheochromocytomas and renal cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SDHA#conditions|title=SDHA|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> Risk management for heterozygous carriers of an SDHA mutation can involve annual urine tests for metanephrines and 3-methoxytyramine and MRIs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eviq.org.au/|title=eviQ Cancer Treatments Online > eviQ home|last=Online|first=eviQ Cancer Treatments|website=www.eviq.org.au|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> | ||
== Interactive pathway map == | == Interactive pathway map == | ||
{{TCACycle_WP78|highlight=SDHA}} | {{TCACycle_WP78|highlight=SDHA}} | ||
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== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
{{refbegin | 2}} | {{refbegin | 2}} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aboulaich N, Vainonen JP, Strålfors P, Vener AV | title = Vectorial proteomics reveal targeting, phosphorylation and specific fragmentation of polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 383 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 237–48 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Aboulaich N, Vainonen JP, Strålfors P, Vener AV | title = Vectorial proteomics reveal targeting, phosphorylation and specific fragmentation of polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 383 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 237–48 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15242332 | pmc = 1134064 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20040647 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bonache S, Martínez J, Fernández M, Bassas L, Larriba S | title = Single nucleotide polymorphisms in succinate dehydrogenase subunits and citrate synthase genes: association results for impaired spermatogenesis | journal = International Journal of Andrology | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 144–52 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bonache S, Martínez J, Fernández M, Bassas L, Larriba S | title = Single nucleotide polymorphisms in succinate dehydrogenase subunits and citrate synthase genes: association results for impaired spermatogenesis | journal = International Journal of Andrology | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 144–52 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17298551 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00730.x }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horváth R, Abicht A, Holinski-Feder E, Laner A, Gempel K, Prokisch H, Lochmüller H, Klopstock T, Jaksch M | title = Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA) | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–6 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Horváth R, Abicht A, Holinski-Feder E, Laner A, Gempel K, Prokisch H, Lochmüller H, Klopstock T, Jaksch M | title = Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA) | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–6 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16361598 | pmc = 2117401 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2005.067041 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kullberg M, Nilsson MA, Arnason U, Harley EH, Janke A | title = Housekeeping genes for phylogenetic analysis of eutherian relationships | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 1493–503 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Kullberg M, Nilsson MA, Arnason U, Harley EH, Janke A | title = Housekeeping genes for phylogenetic analysis of eutherian relationships | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 1493–503 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16751257 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl027 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tomitsuka E, Kita K, Esumi H | title = Regulation of succinate-ubiquinone reductase and fumarate reductase activities in human complex II by phosphorylation of its flavoprotein subunit | journal = Proceedings of the Japan Academy | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Tomitsuka E, Kita K, Esumi H | title = Regulation of succinate-ubiquinone reductase and fumarate reductase activities in human complex II by phosphorylation of its flavoprotein subunit | journal = Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences | volume = 85 | issue = 7 | pages = 258–65 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19644226 | doi = 10.2183/pjab.85.258 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hao HX, Khalimonchuk O, Schraders M, Dephoure N, Bayley JP, Kunst H, Devilee P, Cremers CW, Schiffman JD, Bentz BG, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Kremer H, Rutter J | title = SDH5, a gene required for flavination of succinate dehydrogenase, is mutated in paraganglioma | journal = Science | volume = 325 | issue = 5944 | pages = 1139–42 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Hao HX, Khalimonchuk O, Schraders M, Dephoure N, Bayley JP, Kunst H, Devilee P, Cremers CW, Schiffman JD, Bentz BG, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Kremer H, Rutter J | title = SDH5, a gene required for flavination of succinate dehydrogenase, is mutated in paraganglioma | journal = Science | volume = 325 | issue = 5944 | pages = 1139–42 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19628817 | pmc = 3881419 | doi = 10.1126/science.1175689 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S | title = Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes | journal = Genome Research | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–65 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S | title = Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes | journal = Genome Research | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–65 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16344560 | pmc = 1356129 | doi = 10.1101/gr.4039406 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = González-Cabo P, Vázquez-Manrique RP, García-Gimeno MA, Sanz P, Palau F | title = Frataxin interacts functionally with mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 14 | issue = 15 | pages = 2091–8 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = González-Cabo P, Vázquez-Manrique RP, García-Gimeno MA, Sanz P, Palau F | title = Frataxin interacts functionally with mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 14 | issue = 15 | pages = 2091–8 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15961414 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddi214 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baysal BE, Lawrence EC, Ferrell RE | title = Sequence variation in human succinate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for long-term balancing selection on SDHA | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 12 | | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Baysal BE, Lawrence EC, Ferrell RE | title = Sequence variation in human succinate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for long-term balancing selection on SDHA | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 12 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17376234 | pmc = 1852088 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-5-12 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Eng C, Kiuru M, Fernandez MJ, Aaltonen LA | title = A role for mitochondrial enzymes in inherited neoplasia and beyond | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–202 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Eng C, Kiuru M, Fernandez MJ, Aaltonen LA | title = A role for mitochondrial enzymes in inherited neoplasia and beyond | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–202 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12612654 | doi = 10.1038/nrc1013 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brière JJ, Favier J, El Ghouzzi V, Djouadi F, Bénit P, Gimenez AP, Rustin P | title = Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in human | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Brière JJ, Favier J, El Ghouzzi V, Djouadi F, Bénit P, Gimenez AP, Rustin P | title = Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in human | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 62 | issue = 19-20 | pages = 2317–24 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16143825 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-005-5237-6 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Korsten A, de Coo IF, Spruijt L, de Wit LE, Smeets HJ, Sluiter W | title = Patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy fail to compensate impaired oxidative phosphorylation | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1797 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–203 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Korsten A, de Coo IF, Spruijt L, de Wit LE, Smeets HJ, Sluiter W | title = Patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy fail to compensate impaired oxidative phosphorylation | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1797 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–203 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19836344 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.10.003 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW, Malasky M, Sezgin E, Kingsley LA, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Gomperts ED, Buchbinder SP, Troyer JL, O'Brien SJ | title = Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression | journal = PLOS | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW, Malasky M, Sezgin E, Kingsley LA, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Gomperts ED, Buchbinder SP, Troyer JL, O'Brien SJ | title = Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression | journal = PLOS One | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = e12862 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20877624 | pmc = 2943476 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0012862 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Van Coster R, Seneca S, Smet J, Van Hecke R, Gerlo E, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Leroy JG, De Meirleir L, Lissens W | title = Homozygous Gly555Glu mutation in the nuclear-encoded 70 kDa flavoprotein gene causes instability of the respiratory chain complex II | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A | volume = 120A | issue = 1 | pages = 13–8 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Van Coster R, Seneca S, Smet J, Van Hecke R, Gerlo E, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Leroy JG, De Meirleir L, Lissens W | title = Homozygous Gly555Glu mutation in the nuclear-encoded 70 kDa flavoprotein gene causes instability of the respiratory chain complex II | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A | volume = 120A | issue = 1 | pages = 13–8 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12794685 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.a.10202 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, McDonnell SK, Hebbring SJ, Cunningham JM, St Sauver J, Cerhan JR, Isaya G, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN | title = Polymorphisms in mitochondrial genes and prostate cancer risk | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 3558–66 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, McDonnell SK, Hebbring SJ, Cunningham JM, St Sauver J, Cerhan JR, Isaya G, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN | title = Polymorphisms in mitochondrial genes and prostate cancer risk | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 3558–66 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19064571 | pmc = 2750891 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0434 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Huang G, Chen Y, Lu H, Cao X | title = Coupling mitochondrial respiratory chain to cell death: an essential role of mitochondrial complex I in the interferon-beta and retinoic acid-induced cancer cell death | journal = Cell Death and Differentiation | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 327–37 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Huang G, Chen Y, Lu H, Cao X | title = Coupling mitochondrial respiratory chain to cell death: an essential role of mitochondrial complex I in the interferon-beta and retinoic acid-induced cancer cell death | journal = Cell Death and Differentiation | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 327–37 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 16826196 | doi = 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402004 }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sifroni KG, Damiani CR, Stoffel C, Cardoso MR, Ferreira GK, Jeremias IC, Rezin GT, Scaini G, Schuck PF, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL | title = Mitochondrial respiratory chain in the colonic mucosal of patients with ulcerative colitis | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 342 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 111–5 | * {{cite journal | vauthors = Sifroni KG, Damiani CR, Stoffel C, Cardoso MR, Ferreira GK, Jeremias IC, Rezin GT, Scaini G, Schuck PF, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL | title = Mitochondrial respiratory chain in the colonic mucosal of patients with ulcerative colitis | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 342 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 111–5 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20440543 | doi = 10.1007/s11010-010-0474-x }} | ||
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ma YY, Wu TF, Liu YP, Wang Q, Li XY, Ding Y, Song JQ, Shi XY, Zhang WN, Zhao M, Hu LY, Ju J, Wang ZL, Yang YL, Zou LP | title = Two compound frame-shift mutations in succinate dehydrogenase gene of a Chinese boy with encephalopathy | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 394–8 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 23849264 | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.06.003 }} | |||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
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{{Citric acid cycle enzymes}} | {{Citric acid cycle enzymes}} | ||
{{Enzymes}} | {{Enzymes}} | ||
{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}} | {{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|Mitochondria|Gene Wiki|border=no}} | ||
[[Category:EC 1.3.5]] | [[Category:EC 1.3.5]] | ||
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Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene.[1] This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. SDHA contains the FAD binding site where succinate is deprotonated and converted to fumarate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[2]
Structure
The SDHA gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 5 at locus 15 and is composed of 16 exons.[2] The SDHA protein encoded by this gene is 664 amino acids long and weighs 72.7 kDA.[3][4]
Function
The SDH complex is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and participates in both the citric acid cycle and the respiratory chain. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ubiquinol). Electrons removed from succinate transfer to SDHA, transfer across SDHB through iron sulphur clusters to the SDHC/SDHD subunits on the hydrophobic end of the complex anchored in the mitochondrial membrane.
Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. The electrons derived from succinate tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay in the SDHB subunit until they reach the [3Fe-4S] iron sulfur cluster. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting ubiquinone molecule at the Q pool active site in the SDHC/SDHD dimer. The O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by hydrogen bond interactions with Tyr83 of SDHD. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of SDHC. Following the first single electron reduction step, a semiquinone radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full reduction of the ubiquinone to ubiquinol.[5]
SDHA acts as an intermediate in the basic SDH enzyme action:
- SDHA converts succinate to fumarate as part of the Citric Acid Cycle. This reaction also converts FAD to FADH2.
- Electrons from the FADH2 are transferred to the SDHB subunit iron clusters [2Fe-2S],[4Fe-4S],[3Fe-4S]. This function is part of the Respiratory chain
- Finally the electrons are transferred to the Ubiquinone (Q) pool via the SDHC/SDHD subunits.
Clinical significance
Bi-allelic mutations (i.e. both copies of the gene are mutated) have been described in Leigh syndrome, a progressive brain disorder that typically appears in infancy or early childhood. Affected children may experience vomiting, seizures, delayed development, muscle weakness, and problems with movement. Heart disease, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing can also occur in people with this disorder.[6] The SDHA gene mutations responsible for Leigh syndrome change single amino acids in the SDHA protein, such as a G555E mutation observed in multiple patients,[7][8] or result in an abnormally short protein. These genetic changes disrupt the activity of the SDH enzyme, impairing the ability of mitochondria to produce energy. It is not known, however, how mutations in the SDHA gene are related to the specific features of Leigh syndrome.
SDHA is a tumour suppressor gene, and heterozygous carriers have an increased risk of paragangliomas as well as pheochromocytomas and renal cancer.[9] Risk management for heterozygous carriers of an SDHA mutation can involve annual urine tests for metanephrines and 3-methoxytyramine and MRIs.[10]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
TCA Cycle edit
- ↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78".
References
- ↑ Hirawake H, Wang H, Kuramochi T, Kojima S, Kita K (July 1994). "Human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of liver mitochondria". Journal of Biochemistry. 116 (1): 221–7. PMID 7798181.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex".
- ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
- ↑ "SDHA - Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
- ↑ Horsefield R, Yankovskaya V, Sexton G, Whittingham W, Shiomi K, Omura S, Byrne B, Cecchini G, Iwata S (March 2006). "Structural and computational analysis of the quinone-binding site of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): a mechanism of electron transfer and proton conduction during ubiquinone reduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (11): 7309–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.m508173200. PMID 16407191.
- ↑ "Leigh syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ↑ Pagnamenta AT, Hargreaves IP, Duncan AJ, Taanman JW, Heales SJ, Land JM, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Leonard JV, Rahman S (November 2006). "Phenotypic variability of mitochondrial disease caused by a nuclear mutation in complex II". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 89 (3): 214–21. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.05.003. PMID 16798039.
- ↑ Van Coster R, Seneca S, Smet J, Van Hecke R, Gerlo E, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Leroy JG, De Meirleir L, Lissens W (July 2003). "Homozygous Gly555Glu mutation in the nuclear-encoded 70 kDa flavoprotein gene causes instability of the respiratory chain complex II". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 120A (1): 13–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10202. PMID 12794685.
- ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "SDHA". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
- ↑ Online, eviQ Cancer Treatments. "eviQ Cancer Treatments Online > eviQ home". www.eviq.org.au. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
Further reading
- Aboulaich N, Vainonen JP, Strålfors P, Vener AV (October 2004). "Vectorial proteomics reveal targeting, phosphorylation and specific fragmentation of polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes". The Biochemical Journal. 383 (Pt 2): 237–48. doi:10.1042/BJ20040647. PMC 1134064. PMID 15242332.
- Bonache S, Martínez J, Fernández M, Bassas L, Larriba S (June 2007). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in succinate dehydrogenase subunits and citrate synthase genes: association results for impaired spermatogenesis". International Journal of Andrology. 30 (3): 144–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00730.x. PMID 17298551.
- Horváth R, Abicht A, Holinski-Feder E, Laner A, Gempel K, Prokisch H, Lochmüller H, Klopstock T, Jaksch M (January 2006). "Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in the flavoprotein (Fp) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA)". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 77 (1): 74–6. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.067041. PMC 2117401. PMID 16361598.
- Kullberg M, Nilsson MA, Arnason U, Harley EH, Janke A (August 2006). "Housekeeping genes for phylogenetic analysis of eutherian relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1493–503. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl027. PMID 16751257.
- Tomitsuka E, Kita K, Esumi H (2009). "Regulation of succinate-ubiquinone reductase and fumarate reductase activities in human complex II by phosphorylation of its flavoprotein subunit". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences. 85 (7): 258–65. doi:10.2183/pjab.85.258. PMID 19644226.
- Hao HX, Khalimonchuk O, Schraders M, Dephoure N, Bayley JP, Kunst H, Devilee P, Cremers CW, Schiffman JD, Bentz BG, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Kremer H, Rutter J (August 2009). "SDH5, a gene required for flavination of succinate dehydrogenase, is mutated in paraganglioma". Science. 325 (5944): 1139–42. doi:10.1126/science.1175689. PMC 3881419. PMID 19628817.
- Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S (January 2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Research. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.
- González-Cabo P, Vázquez-Manrique RP, García-Gimeno MA, Sanz P, Palau F (August 2005). "Frataxin interacts functionally with mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins". Human Molecular Genetics. 14 (15): 2091–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi214. PMID 15961414.
- Baysal BE, Lawrence EC, Ferrell RE (March 2007). "Sequence variation in human succinate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for long-term balancing selection on SDHA". BMC Biology. 5: 12. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-12. PMC 1852088. PMID 17376234.
- Eng C, Kiuru M, Fernandez MJ, Aaltonen LA (March 2003). "A role for mitochondrial enzymes in inherited neoplasia and beyond". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 3 (3): 193–202. doi:10.1038/nrc1013. PMID 12612654.
- Brière JJ, Favier J, El Ghouzzi V, Djouadi F, Bénit P, Gimenez AP, Rustin P (October 2005). "Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in human". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 62 (19–20): 2317–24. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5237-6. PMID 16143825.
- Korsten A, de Coo IF, Spruijt L, de Wit LE, Smeets HJ, Sluiter W (February 2010). "Patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy fail to compensate impaired oxidative phosphorylation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1797 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.10.003. PMID 19836344.
- Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW, Malasky M, Sezgin E, Kingsley LA, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Gomperts ED, Buchbinder SP, Troyer JL, O'Brien SJ (September 2010). "Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression". PLOS One. 5 (9): e12862. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012862. PMC 2943476. PMID 20877624.
- Van Coster R, Seneca S, Smet J, Van Hecke R, Gerlo E, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Leroy JG, De Meirleir L, Lissens W (July 2003). "Homozygous Gly555Glu mutation in the nuclear-encoded 70 kDa flavoprotein gene causes instability of the respiratory chain complex II". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 120A (1): 13–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10202. PMID 12794685.
- Wang L, McDonnell SK, Hebbring SJ, Cunningham JM, St Sauver J, Cerhan JR, Isaya G, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN (December 2008). "Polymorphisms in mitochondrial genes and prostate cancer risk". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 17 (12): 3558–66. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0434. PMC 2750891. PMID 19064571.
- Huang G, Chen Y, Lu H, Cao X (February 2007). "Coupling mitochondrial respiratory chain to cell death: an essential role of mitochondrial complex I in the interferon-beta and retinoic acid-induced cancer cell death". Cell Death and Differentiation. 14 (2): 327–37. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402004. PMID 16826196.
- Sifroni KG, Damiani CR, Stoffel C, Cardoso MR, Ferreira GK, Jeremias IC, Rezin GT, Scaini G, Schuck PF, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL (September 2010). "Mitochondrial respiratory chain in the colonic mucosal of patients with ulcerative colitis". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 342 (1–2): 111–5. doi:10.1007/s11010-010-0474-x. PMID 20440543.
- Ma YY, Wu TF, Liu YP, Wang Q, Li XY, Ding Y, Song JQ, Shi XY, Zhang WN, Zhao M, Hu LY, Ju J, Wang ZL, Yang YL, Zou LP (May 2014). "Two compound frame-shift mutations in succinate dehydrogenase gene of a Chinese boy with encephalopathy". Brain & Development. 36 (5): 394–8. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2013.06.003. PMID 23849264.
