Gallbladder cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The most potent risk factor in the development of gallbladder carcinoma is | The most potent risk factor in the development of gallbladder carcinoma is Gallstones. Other risk factors include Porcelain gallbladder, Gallbladder polyps, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Chronic infection, Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and Biliary cysts. | ||
==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
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'''Gallstones:''' Gallstones are found in 70 to 90 percent of sufferers with Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) and a history of gallstones appears to be one of the strongest risk factors for the development of GBC, With an 8.3x higher danger than the overall population.<ref name="pmid18000509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, Rashid A, Sakoda LC, Wang BS, Shen MC, Zhang BH, Niwa S, Chen J, Fraumeni JF |title=Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1577–82 |year=2007 |pmid=18000509 |pmc=2360257 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6604047 |url=}}</ref>In spite of the increased risk of GBC in patients with gallstones, the general occurrence of GBC in sufferers with cholelithiasis is only 0.5 percent.<ref name="pmid28400123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandström P, Andersson B |title=Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry |journal=Surgery |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=256–263 |year=2017 |pmid=28400123 |doi=10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.009 |url=}}</ref> The larger the stones are the higher the risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with gall stones. Patients with stones larger than 3 cm had a 10-fold higher chance of GBC in comparison with people with stones <1 cm. | '''Gallstones:''' Gallstones are found in 70 to 90 percent of sufferers with Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) and a history of gallstones appears to be one of the strongest risk factors for the development of GBC, With an 8.3x higher danger than the overall population.<ref name="pmid18000509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, Rashid A, Sakoda LC, Wang BS, Shen MC, Zhang BH, Niwa S, Chen J, Fraumeni JF |title=Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1577–82 |year=2007 |pmid=18000509 |pmc=2360257 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6604047 |url=}}</ref>In spite of the increased risk of GBC in patients with gallstones, the general occurrence of GBC in sufferers with cholelithiasis is only 0.5 percent.<ref name="pmid28400123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandström P, Andersson B |title=Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry |journal=Surgery |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=256–263 |year=2017 |pmid=28400123 |doi=10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.009 |url=}}</ref> The larger the stones are the higher the risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with gall stones. Patients with stones larger than 3 cm had a 10-fold higher chance of GBC in comparison with people with stones <1 cm. | ||
'''Porcelain gallbladder:''' Porcelain gallbladder is | '''Porcelain gallbladder:''' Porcelain gallbladder is characterized by intramural calcification of the gallbladder wall and it is a rare manifestation of chronic cholecystitis.In 95 % of the cases, the procelain gallbladder is associated with gallstones.The incidence of GBC in patients with a porcelain gallbladder levels about 2 to 3 percent and this increased risk can be restricted to patients with selective mucosal calcification.<ref name="pmid22006872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S |title=Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature |journal=Arch Surg |volume=146 |issue=10 |pages=1143–7 |year=2011 |pmid=22006872 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.257 |url=}}</ref> | ||
'''Gallbladder polyps:''' Around 5% of all adults have gallbladder polyps, These are the outgrowths of mucosa of the gallbladder which are found accidently on ultrasound.The classification of the gallbladder polyps are benign or malignant.Differentiating nonneoplastic from neoplastic polyps is important.<ref name="pmid26421012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC |title=Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century |journal=J Oncol |volume=2015 |issue= |pages=967472 |year=2015 |pmid=26421012 |pmc=4569807 |doi=10.1155/2015/967472 |url=}}</ref> | '''Gallbladder polyps:''' Around 5% of all adults have gallbladder polyps, These are the outgrowths of mucosa of the gallbladder which are found accidently on ultrasound.The classification of the gallbladder polyps are benign or malignant.Differentiating nonneoplastic from neoplastic polyps is important.<ref name="pmid26421012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC |title=Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century |journal=J Oncol |volume=2015 |issue= |pages=967472 |year=2015 |pmid=26421012 |pmc=4569807 |doi=10.1155/2015/967472 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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|Miscellaneous (1%) | |Miscellaneous (1%) | ||
Leiomyomas,Fibromas and Lipomas | Leiomyomas, Fibromas, and Lipomas | ||
|Miscellaneous (20%) | |Miscellaneous (20%) | ||
Mucinous cystadenomas,Squamous cell carcinoma and | Mucinous cystadenomas, Squamous cell carcinoma, and adenoacanthomas | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of gallbladder carcinoma is Gallstones. Other risk factors include Porcelain gallbladder, Gallbladder polyps, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Chronic infection, Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and Biliary cysts.
Risk factors
Common Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of Gallbladder cancer include:
Gallstones: Gallstones are found in 70 to 90 percent of sufferers with Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) and a history of gallstones appears to be one of the strongest risk factors for the development of GBC, With an 8.3x higher danger than the overall population.[1]In spite of the increased risk of GBC in patients with gallstones, the general occurrence of GBC in sufferers with cholelithiasis is only 0.5 percent.[2] The larger the stones are the higher the risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with gall stones. Patients with stones larger than 3 cm had a 10-fold higher chance of GBC in comparison with people with stones <1 cm.
Porcelain gallbladder: Porcelain gallbladder is characterized by intramural calcification of the gallbladder wall and it is a rare manifestation of chronic cholecystitis.In 95 % of the cases, the procelain gallbladder is associated with gallstones.The incidence of GBC in patients with a porcelain gallbladder levels about 2 to 3 percent and this increased risk can be restricted to patients with selective mucosal calcification.[3]
Gallbladder polyps: Around 5% of all adults have gallbladder polyps, These are the outgrowths of mucosa of the gallbladder which are found accidently on ultrasound.The classification of the gallbladder polyps are benign or malignant.Differentiating nonneoplastic from neoplastic polyps is important.[4]
Benign polyps |
Malignant polyps |
| Cholesterol polyps (60%) | Adenocarcinoma (80%) |
| Adenomyomas (25%) | |
| Inflammatory polyps (10%) | |
| Adenomas (4%) | |
| Miscellaneous (1%)
Leiomyomas, Fibromas, and Lipomas |
Miscellaneous (20%)
Mucinous cystadenomas, Squamous cell carcinoma, and adenoacanthomas |
References
- ↑ Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ, Rashid A, Sakoda LC, Wang BS, Shen MC, Zhang BH, Niwa S, Chen J, Fraumeni JF (2007). "Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China". Br. J. Cancer. 97 (11): 1577–82. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604047. PMC 2360257. PMID 18000509.
- ↑ Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandström P, Andersson B (2017). "Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry". Surgery. 162 (2): 256–263. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.009. PMID 28400123.
- ↑ Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S (2011). "Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature". Arch Surg. 146 (10): 1143–7. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.257. PMID 22006872.
- ↑ Kanthan R, Senger JL, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC (2015). "Gallbladder Cancer in the 21st Century". J Oncol. 2015: 967472. doi:10.1155/2015/967472. PMC 4569807. PMID 26421012.