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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Cholangiocarcinoma}} | | {{Xyz}} |
| {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{F.K}} {{PSK}} | | |
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{F.K}} {{PSK}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Common risk factors in the development of cholangiocarcinoma are chronic inflammatory conditions of bile duct, liver fluke infections, [[choledochal cysts]], toxins, and viral infections. | | There are no established risk factors for [disease name]. |
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| | OR |
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| | The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. |
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| | OR |
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| | Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. |
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| | OR |
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| | Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral. |
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
| A number of [[risk factor]]s for the development of cholangiocarcinoma have been described; in the Western world, the most common of these is [[primary sclerosing cholangitis]] (PSC), an [[inflammatory disease]] of the bile ducts which is in turn closely associated with [[ulcerative colitis]] (UC). Epidemiologic studies have suggested that the lifetime risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma for a person with PSC is 10%–15%,<ref>Epidemiologic studies which have addressed the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in people with primary sclerosing cholangitis include the following:
| | *There are no established risk factors for [disease name]. |
| *{{cite journal |author=Bergquist A, Ekbom A, Olsson R, Kornfeldt D, Lööf L, Danielsson A, Hultcrantz R, Lindgren S, Prytz H, Sandberg-Gertzén H, Almer S, Granath F, Broomé U |title=Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis |journal=J Hepatol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=321-7 |year=2002 |id=PMID 11867174}}
| | OR |
| *{{cite journal |author=Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, Broomé U |title=Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case-control study |journal=Hepatology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=311-6 |year=1998 |id=PMID 9462625}}
| | *The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. |
| *{{cite journal |author=Burak K, Angulo P, Pasha T, Egan K, Petz J, Lindor K |title=Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis |journal=Am J Gastroenterol |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=523-6 |year=2004 |id=PMID 15056096}}</ref> although autopsy series have found rates as high as 30% in this population. The mechanism by which PSC increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma is not well-understood.
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| Clinical data has suggested that the development of cholangiocarcinoma is related to several factors.<ref name=radio>Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma</ref>
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| '''Chronic inflammation of the bile duct''':<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman R |title=Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis |journal=Ann Oncol |volume=10 Suppl 4 |issue= |pages=308-11 |year= |id=PMID 10436847}}</ref>
| | *Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4]. |
| *Primary sclerosing cholangitis (major risk factor in western countries) | | ===Common Risk Factors=== |
| *Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (major risk factor in endemic areas)
| | *Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral. |
| *Ulcerative colitis
| | *Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include: |
| *Cholelithiasis
| | **[Risk factor 1] |
| *Cirrhosis
| | **[Risk factor 2] |
| '''Liver fluke infections''': Liver fluke infection is a major cause of cholangiocarcinoma in some Asian countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watanapa P |title=Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with opisthorchiasis |journal=Br J Surg |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=1062–64 |year=1996 |id=PMID 8869303}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Watanapa P, Watanapa W |title=Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma |journal=Br J Surg |volume=89 |issue=8 |pages=962-70 |year=2002 |id=PMID 12153620}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shin H, Lee C, Park H, Seol S, Chung J, Choi H, Ahn Y, Shigemastu T |title=Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=933-40 |year=1996 |id=PMID 8921477}}</ref>
| | **[Risk factor 3] |
| *Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos, and Malaysia) | |
| *Clonorchis sinensis (found in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam) | |
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| [[Image:Clonorchis sinensis LifeCycle.gif|thumb|150px|Life cycle of ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'', a [[liver fluke]] associated with cholangiocarcinoma]]
| | ===Less Common Risk Factors=== |
| '''Choledochal cysts''':
| | *Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include: |
| *Caroli's disease
| | **[Risk factor 1] |
| '''Toxins''':<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sahani D, Prasad S, Tannabe K, Hahn P, Mueller P, Saini S |title=Thorotrast-induced cholangiocarcinoma: case report |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=72-4 |year= |id=PMID 12483389}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhu A, Lauwers G, Tanabe K |title=Cholangiocarcinoma in association with Thorotrast exposure |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=430-3 |year=2004 |id=PMID 15619021}}</ref>
| | **[Risk factor 2] |
| *Thorotrast(widely used as a contrast agent for x-rays until 1950s) | | **[Risk factor 3] |
| *Dioxin
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| *Polyvinyl chloride
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| *Heavy alcoholism
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| '''Viral infections''':<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Suzuki F, Tsubota A, Suzuki Y, Arase Y, Murashima N, Chayama K, Kumada H |title=Incidence of primary cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis |journal=Cancer |volume=88 |issue=11 |pages=2471–7 |year=2000 |id=PMID 10861422}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Yamamoto S, Kubo S, Hai S, Uenishi T, Yamamoto T, Shuto T, Takemura S, Tanaka H, Yamazaki O, Hirohashi K, Tanaka T |title=Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |journal=Cancer Sci |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=592-5 |year=2004 |id=PMID 15245596}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lu H, Ye M, Thung S, Dash S, Gerber M |title=Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in cholangiocarcinomas in Chinese and American patients |journal=Chin Med J (Engl) |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=1138–41 |year=2000 |id=PMID 11776153}}</ref>
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| *HIV | |
| *Hepatitis B | |
| *Hepatitis C | |
| *EBV | |
| '''Inherited disorders''':<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mecklin J, Järvinen H, Virolainen M |title=The association between cholangiocarcinoma and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma |journal=Cancer |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=1112–4 |year=1992 |id=PMID 1310886}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee S, Kim M, Lee S, Jang S, Song M, Kim K, Kim H, Seo D, Song D, Yu E, Lee S, Min Y |title=Clinicopathologic review of 58 patients with biliary papillomatosis |journal=Cancer |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=783-93 |year=2004 |id=PMID 14770435}}</ref>
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| *Lynch syndrome II | |
| *Biliary papillomatosis | |
| '''Obesity'''
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Rare cancers]]
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| [[Category:Rare diseases]]
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| [[Category:Types of cancer]]
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| [[Category:Hepatology]]
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
| [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
| | [[Category: (name of the system)]] |
| [[Category:Oncology]]
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| [[Category:Medicine]]
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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| [[Category:Surgery]]
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