Dysphagia classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Dysphagia is classified according to location into two subtypes/groups:

• Oropharyngeal dysphagia

• Esophageal dysphagia

Dysphagia may be classified into several subtypes based on etiology into six subclasses: Infectious, Metabolic, Myopathic, Neurological, Structural and, Iatrogenic

Classification of Dysphagia

Dysphagia is classified into two major types on the basis of location:

• Oropharyngeal dysphagia
• Esophageal dysphagia

It is also classified on the basis of etiology into six subclasses:

• Infectious
• Metabolic
• Myopathic
• Neurological
• Structural
• Iatrogenic

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Arises from abnormalities of the upper esophagus, pharynx, and oral cavity.

Esophageal Dysphagia

Arises from the body of the esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, or cardia of the stomach. Usually due to mechanical causes or motility problems.

In some patients, no organic cause for dysphagia can be found, and these patients are defined as having functional dysphagia.

Classification of Dysphagia

Based on etiology

Based on location

Metabolic

Infectious

Myopathic

Neurological

Structural

Iatrogenic

• Amyloidosis • Cushings syndrome • Thyrotoxicosis • Wilsons disease

• Mucositis • Diphtheria • Botulism • Lymes disease • Syphilis

• Connective tissue disease(overlap disease) • Dermatomyositis • Myasthenia gravis • Myotonic dystrophy • Polymyositis • Sarcoidosis • Paraneoplastic syndromes

• Brainstem tumors • Head trauma • Stroke • Cerbral palsy • Gullian barre syndrome • Huntington disease • Multiple sclerosis • Postpolio syndrome • Tardive dyskinesia • Metabolic encephalopathies • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis • Parkinsons disease • Dementia

• Cricopharyngeal bar • Zenkers diverticulum • Cervical webs • Oropharyngeal tumors • Osteophytes and skeletal abnormalities •Congenital(cleft palate,diverticula,pouches)

•Medication side effects(neuroleptics) • Radiation •Corrosive(pill injury,intentional) •Postsurgical muscular or neurogenic

C07

Esophageal dysphagia

Oropharyngeal dysphagia