Hepatocellular carcinoma natural history: Difference between revisions

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==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Due to its late presentation, the [[prognosis]] of hepatocellular carcinoma is poor even with treatment. Without treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma will result in early death. The [[prognosis]] depends on the following:<ref name="AltekruseMcGlynn2009">{{cite journal|last1=Altekruse|first1=Sean F.|last2=McGlynn|first2=Katherine A.|last3=Reichman|first3=Marsha E.|title=Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence, Mortality, and Survival Trends in the United States From 1975 to 2005|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=27|issue=9|year=2009|pages=1485–1491|issn=0732-183X|doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7753}}</ref>
Due to its late presentation, the [[prognosis]] of hepatocellular carcinoma is poor even with treatment. Without treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma will result in early death. The [[prognosis]] depends on the following:<ref name="AltekruseMcGlynn2009">{{cite journal|last1=Altekruse|first1=Sean F.|last2=McGlynn|first2=Katherine A.|last3=Reichman|first3=Marsha E.|title=Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence, Mortality, and Survival Trends in the United States From 1975 to 2005|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=27|issue=9|year=2009|pages=1485–1491|issn=0732-183X|doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7753}}</ref>
The survial rate of Hepatocellular carcinoma is less than 50 percent.
*Operable vs inoperable [[cancer]]
*Operable vs inoperable [[cancer]]
*Cancer staging: Size and [[metastasis]] play a major role in [[prognosis]]
*Cancer staging: Size and [[metastasis]] play a major role in [[prognosis]]
*Patient’s general health
*Patient’s general health
*Time of [[cancer]] [[diagnosis]]
*Time of [[cancer]] [[diagnosis]]
The survial rate of Hepatocellular carcinoma is less than 50 percent.


=== Independent predictors of prognosis ===
=== Independent predictors of prognosis ===

Revision as of 19:14, 25 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [3]

Overview

Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor. If the cancer is inoperable, the disease is usually deadly within 3 to 6 months.

Natural History

Without treatment, the patient will develop symptoms of jaundice, ascites, cachexia, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which will eventually lead to death.

Complications

Complications directly related to cancer

Complications that can develop as a result of hepatocellular carcinoma are:

Complications related to transarterial embolization/chemoembolization (TAE/TACE) therapy

The following complications may result from TAE/TACE therapy of the tumour:[1][2][3][4]

Complications related to radiofrequency ablation

Common complications of radiofrequency ablation therapy include the following:[5]

Prognosis

Due to its late presentation, the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is poor even with treatment. Without treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma will result in early death. The prognosis depends on the following:[6]

The survial rate of Hepatocellular carcinoma is less than 50 percent.

Independent predictors of prognosis

Prognosis based on staging systems

  • The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system has the best independent predictive power for survival when compared with the other 6 prognostic systems.[7]

References

  1. Tu J, Jia Z, Ying X, Zhang D, Li S, Tian F, Jiang G (2016). "The incidence and outcome of major complication following conventional TAE/TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (49): e5606. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005606. PMC 5266057. PMID 27930585.
  2. Jia Z, Tian F, Jiang G (2013). "Ruptured hepatic carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization". Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 74: 41–3. doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.12.006. PMC 3862201. PMID 24384870.
  3. Chung JW, Park JH, Im JG, Han JK, Han MC (1993). "Pulmonary oil embolism after transcatheter oily chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma". Radiology. 187 (3): 689–93. doi:10.1148/radiology.187.3.8388567. PMID 8388567.
  4. Chung JW, Park JH, Han JK, Choi BI, Han MC, Lee HS, Kim CY (1996). "Hepatic tumors: predisposing factors for complications of transcatheter oily chemoembolization". Radiology. 198 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1148/radiology.198.1.8539401. PMID 8539401.
  5. Rhim H (2005). "Complications of radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma". Abdom Imaging. 30 (4): 409–18. doi:10.1007/s00261-004-0255-7. PMID 15688113.
  6. Altekruse, Sean F.; McGlynn, Katherine A.; Reichman, Marsha E. (2009). "Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence, Mortality, and Survival Trends in the United States From 1975 to 2005". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 27 (9): 1485–1491. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7753. ISSN 0732-183X.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Barrat A, Askari F, Conjeevaram HS, Su GL, Lok AS (2005). "Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort". Hepatology. 41 (4): 707–16. doi:10.1002/hep.20636. PMID 15795889.



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