Hernia

Hernia Landing page
Patient Information
Classification Inguinal hernia Femoral hernia Umbilical hernia Diaphragmatic hernia Incisional hernia Others
Differential Diagnosis
CNS Hernia Brain Hernia Lumbar Disc Hernia
Diaphragmatic Hernia Bochdalek Hernia Morgagni Hernia
Hiatal Hernia Sliding Hernia Paraesophageal Hernias
Lumbar Hernia Petit's Hernia Grynfeltt's Hernia
Abdominal Hernia Umbilical Hernia Epigastric Hernia Spigelian Hernia Incisional Hernia Amyand's Hernia Richter's Hernia Parastomal Hernia
Pelvic Hernia Inguinal Hernia Obturator Hernia Perineal Hernia Incisional Hernia Femoral Hernia Sciatic Hernia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

A hernia is “the protrusion of an organ, organic part, or other bodily structure through the wall that usually contains it.” Hernias may be congenital or acquired. Based on the protruded body structure and the location of the protrusion, the hernia may be classified into inguinal, femoral, umbilical, diaphragmatic, incisional, and other hernias. Different kinds of hernias, such as central nervous system (CNS), diaphragmatic, lumbar, abdominal, and pelvic hernias have to be differentiated on the basis of clinical manifestations.

Classification

Major classification of hernias in human body.

Hernia

CNS

Hiatal

Diaphragmatic

Lumbar

Abdominal

Pelvic

Brain hernia

Lumbar disc hernia

Morgagni hernia

Bochdalek hernia

Petit's hernia

Grynfeltt's hernia

Inguinal hernia

Obturator hernia

Perineal hernia

Femoral hernia

Sciatic hernia

Sliding hernia

Paraesophageal hernia

Umbilical hernia

Epigastric hernia

Spigelian hernia

Incisional hernia

Amyand's hernia

Littre's hernia

Richter's hernia

Parastomal hernia

Differential Diagnosis

• Different kinds of hernias, such as central nervous system (CNS), diaphragmatic, lumbar, abdominal, and pelvic hernias have to be differentiated upon various history, symptoms, and physical examination findings.

Location	Diseases	History and Symptoms						Physical Examination				Laboratory Findings			Definition
		Neurological		GI				Neurological		GI
		Confusion	Paresthesia	Dysphagia	Heartburn	Nausea	Bowel habits	Loss of Consciousness	Straight leg raise (SLR)	Mass protrusion	Tenderness/Rebound tenderness	Leukocytosis	CRP	ESR
Brain	Brain hernia	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Brain tissue herniation through foramen magnum
Diaphragmatic	Hiatal hernia	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Stomach herniation through diaphragm
	Sliding hernia	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Esophagus herniation through diaphragm
Lumbar	Lumbar disc hernia	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	Nucleus pulposus herniation through annulus fibrosus
Abdominal	Umbilical hernia	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	Bowels herniation through umbilicus
	Epigastric hernia	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	Bowels herniation through epigastric abdominal wall
	Spigelian hernia	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	Bowels herniation through lateral abdominal wall
	Amyand's hernia	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	Appendix vermiformis herniation through abdominal wall
	Littre's hernia	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	Meckel's diverticulum herniation through abdominal wall
	Richter's hernia	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	Bowels herniation and strangulation through abdominal wall
	Parastomal hernia	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	Bowels herniation through stoma in the abdominal wall
Pelvic	Inguinal hernia	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	Bowels herniation through inguinal ring
	Obturator hernia	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	Viscera herniation through obturator canal
	Perineal hernia	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	Viscera herniation through pelvic floor
	Femoral hernia	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	Bowels herniation through femoral ring
	Sciatic hernia	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	+	+	-	+	Viscera herniation through sciatic canal