Acute diarrhea risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Risk factors

Most common risk factors for Acute diarrhea include:

• Travel:
  • Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
  • Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
  • Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
• Epidemics and Outbreaks:
  • Bacterial:Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
  • Viral:Noro virus, Rota virus.
  • Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
• Animal contact: Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
• Day care: Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.
• Poor sanitation and crowding
• Water exposure: Swimming pools and Marine environment (Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
• Food history:
  • Consumption of raw or undercooked meats,Fish, Canned foods, Raw eggs,Frozen food (Examples: Salmonella, STEC, Clostridium perfringens, L.monocytogenes)
• Antibiotic use and Hospitalization:
  • Clostridium difficile
  • Drug side effects( eg: Broad spectrum antibiotics, Anti fungals, Immunosuppressants)
  • Ischemic colitis(initially acute then chronic)
• Homosexual men
• Immunosupression: HIV,CMV, Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium Avium complex, Medications, Transplant recipients.
• Old age