Acute diarrhea risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
Most common risk factors for [[Acute diarrhea]] include: <ref name="pmid29083755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunn N, Gossman WG |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=29083755 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23804024">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D |title=Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008 |journal=MMWR Surveill Summ |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |year=2013 |pmid=23804024 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16319813">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=54 |issue=47 |pages=1201–5 |year=2005 |pmid=16319813 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28214721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P |title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016 |journal=Water Res. |volume=114 |issue= |pages=14–22 |year=2017 |pmid=28214721 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26111239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K |title=Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=20 |issue=24 |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=26111239 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15880088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niyogi SK |title=Shigellosis |journal=J. Microbiol. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=133–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15880088 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid29379258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P |title=Current views and challenges on clinical cholera |journal=Bioinformation |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=405–409 |year=2017 |pmid=29379258 |pmc=5767916 |doi=10.6026/97320630013405 |url=}}</ref> | Most common risk factors for [[Acute diarrhea]] include: <ref name="pmid25928418">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heather CS |title=Travellers' diarrhoea |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2015 |issue= |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=25928418 |pmc=4415508 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid29083755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunn N, Gossman WG |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=29083755 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23804024">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D |title=Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008 |journal=MMWR Surveill Summ |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |year=2013 |pmid=23804024 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16319813">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=54 |issue=47 |pages=1201–5 |year=2005 |pmid=16319813 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28214721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P |title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016 |journal=Water Res. |volume=114 |issue= |pages=14–22 |year=2017 |pmid=28214721 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26111239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K |title=Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=20 |issue=24 |pages= |year=2015 |pmid=26111239 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15880088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niyogi SK |title=Shigellosis |journal=J. Microbiol. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=133–43 |year=2005 |pmid=15880088 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid29379258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P |title=Current views and challenges on clinical cholera |journal=Bioinformation |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=405–409 |year=2017 |pmid=29379258 |pmc=5767916 |doi=10.6026/97320630013405 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*'''Travel''': | *'''Travel''': | ||
**'''Bacteria:''' Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]], Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas. | **'''Bacteria:''' Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli [[ETEC]], Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
The risk factors of Acute diarrhea can be assessed based on the epidemiologic associations and the patient exposure histories. Some of theses factors can be classified based on travel history, epidemics and outbreaks, Food history, Animal contact, Hospitalization and immunosupression.
Risk factors
Most common risk factors for Acute diarrhea include: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
- Travel:
- Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
- Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
- Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
- Epidemics and Outbreaks:
- Bacterial: Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
- Virus: Noro virus, Rota virus.
- Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
- Animal contact: Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
- Day care: Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Calci virus, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.
- Poor sanitation and crowding
- Water exposure: Swimming pools and Marine environment (Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
- Food history:
- Consumption of raw or undercooked food is a common risk factor in the development of acute diarrhea.
- Eg: Raw eggs (Salmonella), Diary food ( Campylobacter, Salmonella), Ground beef (EHEC), Poultry (Campylobacter), Oysters (Calci virus, Vibrio).
- Consumption of raw or undercooked food is a common risk factor in the development of acute diarrhea.
- Antibiotic use and Hospitalization:
- Clostridium difficle, Rota virus.
- Drug side effects( eg: Broad spectrum antibiotics, Anti fungals, Immunosuppressants)
- Homosexual men
- Immunosupression: HIV,CMV, Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium Avium complex, Medications, Transplant recipients.
- Old age
References:
- ↑ Heather CS (2015). "Travellers' diarrhoea". BMJ Clin Evid. 2015. PMC 4415508. PMID 25928418.
- ↑ Dunn N, Gossman WG. PMID 29083755. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D (2013). "Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008". MMWR Surveill Summ. 62 (2): 1–34. PMID 23804024.
- ↑ "Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54 (47): 1201–5. 2005. PMID 16319813.
- ↑ Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P (2017). "Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016". Water Res. 114: 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036. PMID 28214721.
- ↑ Guzman-Herrador B, Carlander A, Ethelberg S, Freiesleben de Blasio B, Kuusi M, Lund V, Löfdahl M, MacDonald E, Nichols G, Schönning C, Sudre B, Trönnberg L, Vold L, Semenza JC, Nygård K (2015). "Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012". Euro Surveill. 20 (24). PMID 26111239.
- ↑ Niyogi SK (2005). "Shigellosis". J. Microbiol. 43 (2): 133–43. PMID 15880088.
- ↑ Somboonwit C, Menezes LJ, Holt DA, Sinnott JT, Shapshak P (2017). "Current views and challenges on clinical cholera". Bioinformation. 13 (12): 405–409. doi:10.6026/97320630013405. PMC 5767916. PMID 29379258.