Hemoptysis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Teresa Stahl, M.D. [2]; Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[3]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

• Hemoptysis may be a life-threatening condition depending on the severity of bleeding and must be treated appropriately.
• life-threatening causes of hemoptysis include:
  • Pulmonary embolism

Common Causes

• Common causes of hemoptysis include:
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Respiratory tract infections including:
    • Bronchitis
    • Pneumonia
  • Lung cancer
  • Tuberculosis
  • Idiopathic

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Absence of pulmonary artery, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), aortic aneurysm, arterial bronchial fistula, arteritis, arteriovenous malformation, bronchial artery aneurysm, Bronchial varices, cardiac failure, common ventricle, congenital heart disease, congenital mitral malformation, congenital mitral stenosis, congestive heart failure, Ehler-danlos syndrome (vascular type), Eisenmenger syndrome, fat embolism, heart failure, heart valve damage, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, isolated unilateral absence of pulmonary artery, left atrial hypertension, left atrial myxoma, leukocytoclastic angiitis, Meadows syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, mitral stenosis, polyarteritis nodosa, portal vein obstruction, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary artery agenesis, pulmonary artery rupture, pulmonary artery stenosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hemangioma, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary thrombosis, pulmonary vein stenosis, Rasmussen's aneurysm, ruptured aortic aneurysm, ruptured arteriovenous fistula, septic pulmonary emboli, tetralogy of Fallot, tracheal-innominate artery fistula, tricuspid endocarditis, vasculitis, Wegener granulomatosis
Chemical / poisoning	Asbestosis, chronic berylliosis, cocaine, crack cocaine, cytotoxic drug use, inhalation of nitrogen dioxide, inhalation of pesticides, naphtha poisoning, sulfuric acid poisoning, toluene diisocyanate poisoning, vanadium poisoning
Dermatologic	Follicular hamartoma-alopecia-cystic fibrosis
Drug Side Effect	Amiodarone, anticoagulants, aspirin, bedaquiline fumarate, bevacizumab, Cidofovir, cocaine, crack cocaine, cytotoxic drug use, dicoumarol, herbal agent adverse reaction, penicillamine, Pentamidine Isethionate, phenprocoumon, pramipexole, propylthiouracil, rifapentin,sertraline, Tiagabine, warfarin, zonisamide,
Ear Nose Throat	Carcinoma of the vocal tract, laceration vocal cords, laryngeal carcinoma, laryngitis, oropharyngeal cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pharyngeal polyps, pharyngeal tumor, pharyngeal ulceration, severe nosebleed, stomatitis, tonsillectomy, tonsillitis
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Asbestosis, chronic berylliosis
Gastroenterologic	Cirrhosis of liver, Dieulafoy's disease, esophageal carcinoma, esophageal tumors, oropharingeal cancer, portal vein obstruction, severe vomiting, tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal varices
Genetic	Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, cystic fibrosis, Ehler-danlos syndrome (vascular type), follicular hamartoma-alopecia-cystic fibrosis , hemophilia, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hematologic	Blood dyscrasias, coagulopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, essential thrombocytosis, fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, hemangioma, hemophilia, hemorrhagic diathesis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, leukemia, malignant lymphoma, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Von Willebrand disease
Iatrogenic	Bronchoscopy, endotracheal tube, laryngoscopy, lung biopsy, lymphangiography, mediastinoscopy, post fontan procedure, pulmonary artery catheter, spirometry, suctioning of airways, Swan Ganz catheter-induced infarction, tonsillectomy, tracheotomy, transbronchial biopsy, transtracheal aspiration
Infectious Disease	Actinomycosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, alveolar hydatid disease, anerobic pneumonia, ascariasis, aspergilloma, coccidioidomycosis, dengue, dirofilaria immitis, echinococcal cyst, echinococcus granulosus, francisella tularensis, histoplasmosis, HIV, hookworm, influenza, klebsiella, Lemierre's syndrome, linguatula serrata, lung abscess, lupus pneumonitis, melioidosis, mucormycosis, mycetoma, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium xenopi, necrotic pneumonia, nocardiosis, nosocomial pneumonia, paracoccidioidomycosis, paragonimiasis, pneumonia, pneumonic plague, pulmonary helminth infection, rhodococcus equi, serratia marcescens, stachybotrys atra, stachybotrys chartarum, staphylococcal respiratory infection, stomatitis, torulopsis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, tuberculosis, yersinia pestis, zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Ehler-danlos syndrome (vascular type)
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Catamenial hemoptysis, endometriosis, intrathoracic endometriosis, meadows syndrome
Oncologic	Adenocarcinoma of lung, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenoma, adult small cell lung cancer, benign lung tumor, bronchial adenoma, bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, carcinoma of the vocal tract, esophageal carcinoma, esophageal tumors, large cell carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma, leukemia, lung metastases, lung neoplasm, malignant lymphoma, mediastinal tumors, mesothelioma, mixed type non small cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal cancer, papillomatosis carcinoid, pharyngeal cancer, pharyngeal tumor, pleuropulmonary blastoma, pulmonary hemangioma, rib tumor, tracheal cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Inhalation of pesticides
Psychiatric	Münchausen syndrome
Pulmonary	Acute or chronic bronchitis, adenocarcinoma of lung, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenoma, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), adult small cell lung cancer, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, alveolar hydatid disease, alveolitis, anerobic pneumonia, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated disease, arterial bronchial fistula, asbestosis, benign lung tumor, bronchial adenoma, bronchial artery aneurysm, bronchial varices, bronchiectasis, bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchogenic cyst, bullous emphysema, catamenial hemoptysis, chronic berylliosis, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, esophageal carcinoma, esophageal tumors, fat embolism, foreign body in respiratory tract, Goodpasture syndrome, hemangioma, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, histiocytosis x, histoplasmosis, Hughes-Stovin syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung, intrathoracic endometriosis, isolated unilateral absence of pulmonary artery, Kartagener syndrome, large cell carcinoma, lung abscess, lung fibrosis, lung metastases, lung neoplasm, lung polyps, lung trauma, lung ulceration, lung vasculitis, lupus pneumonitis, lymphangiomyomatosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, malignant lymphoma, mesothelioma, mixed type non small cell carcinoma, papillomatosis carcinoid, penetrating chest wound, pleuropulmonary blastoma, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary artery agenesis, pulmonary artery rupture, pulmonary artery stenosis, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary sequestration, pulmonary thrombosis, pulmonary vein stenosis, Rasmussen's aneurysm, ruptured bronchi, septic pulmonary emboli, Swan Ganz catheter-induced infarction, tracheal cancer, tracheal trauma, tracheal ulceration, tracheal-innominate artery fistula, tracheitis, tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal varices, tracheobronchitis, tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica , tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, uremic lung
Renal / Electrolyte	Goodpasture syndrome , uremic lung
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Amyloidosis, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated disease, Behcet's syndrome, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Goodpasture syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, histiocytosis x, HIV, Hughes-Stovin syndrome, immunodeficiency, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, microscopic polyangiitis, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Chest injury, laceration vocal cords, lung contusion, lung trauma, penetrating chest wound, tracheal trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Bronchogenic cyst, clove cigarettes, cocaine, crack cocaine, idiopathic, Kartagener syndrome, shrapnel, violent coughing

Causes in Alphabetical order

Absence of pulmonary artery Actinomycosis Acute or chronic bronchitis Adenocarcinoma of lung Adenoid cystic carcinoma Adenoma Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Adult small cell lung cancer Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency Alveolar hydatid disease Alveolitis Amiodarone Amyloidosis Anerobic pneumonia Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated disease Anticoagulants Aortic aneurysm Arterial bronchial fistula Arteriovenous malformation Arteritis Asbestosis Ascariasis Aspergilloma Aspirin Behcet's syndrome Benign lung tumor Bevacizumab Blood dyscrasias Bronchial adenoma Bronchial artery aneurysm Bronchialvarices Bronchiectasis Bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma Bronchitis Bronchogenic carcinoma Bronchogenic cyst Bronchoscopy Bullous emphysema Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency Carcinoma of the vocal tract Cardiac failure Catamenial hemoptysis Chest injury Chronic berylliosis Chronic bronchitis Cidofovir Cirrhosis of liver Clove cigarettes Coagulopathy Cocaine Coccidioidomycosis Common ventricle Congenital heart disease Congenital mitral malformation Congenital mitral stenosis Congestive heart failure Crack cocaine Cystic fibrosis Cytotoxic drug use Dengue Dicoumarol Dieulafoy's disease Dirofilaria immitis Disseminated intravascular coagulation Echinococcal cyst Echinococcus granulosus Ehler-danlos syndrome (vascular type) Eisenmenger syndrome Endometriosis Endotracheal tube Esophageal carcinoma Esophageal tumors Essential thrombocytosis Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Fat embolism Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia Follicular hamartoma-alopecia-cystic fibrosis Foreign body in respiratory tract

Francisella tularensis Goodpasture syndrome Heart failure Heart valve damage Hemangioma Hemophilia Hemorrhagic diathesis Henoch-Schönlein purpura Herbal agent adverse reaction Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Histiocytosis x Histoplasmosis HIV Hookworm Hughes-Stovin syndrome Idiopathic Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis Immunodeficiency Inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung Influenza Inhalation of nitrogen dioxide Inhalation of pesticides Intrathoracic endometriosis Isolated unilateral absence of pulmonary artery Kartagener syndrome Klebsiella Laceration vocal cords Large cell carcinoma Laryngeal carcinoma Laryngitis Laryngoscopy Left atrial hypertension Left atrial myxoma Lemierre's syndrome Leukemia Leukocytoclastic angiitis Linguatula serrata Lung abscess Lung biopsy Lung contusion Lung fibrosis Lung metastases Lung neoplasm Lung polyps Lung trauma Lung ulceration Lung vasculitis Lupus pneumonitis Lymphangiography Lymphangiomyomatosis Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Malignant lymphoma Meadows syndrome Mediastinal tumors Mediastinoscopy Melioidosis Mesothelioma Microscopic polyangiitis Mitral stenosis Mixed type non small cell carcinoma Mucormycosis Münchausen syndrome Mycetoma Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium xenopi Naphtha poisoning Necrotic pneumonia Nocardiosis Nosocomial pneumonia Oropharyngeal cancer Papillomatosis carcinoid Paracoccidioidomycosis Paragonimiasis Penetrating chest wound Penicillamine Pharyngeal cancer Pharyngeal polyps

Pharyngeal tumor Pharyngeal ulceration Phenprocoumon Pleuropulmonary blastoma Pneumonia Pneumonic plague Polyarteritis nodosa Portal vein obstruction Post fontan procedure Propylthiouracil Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation Pulmonary artery agenesis Pulmonary artery catheter Pulmonary artery rupture Pulmonary artery stenosis Pulmonary congestion Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary helminth infection Pulmonary hemangioma Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary infarction Pulmonary sequestration Pulmonary thrombosis Pulmonary vein stenosis Rasmussen's aneurysm Rhodococcus equi Rib tumor Ruptured aortic aneurysm Ruptured arteriovenous fistula Ruptured bronchi Sarcoidosis Septic pulmonary emboli Serratia marcescens Severe nosebleed Severe vomiting Shrapnel Spirometry Stachybotrys atra Stachybotrys chartarum Staphylococcal respiratory infection Stomatitis Suctioning of airways Sulfuric acid poisoning Swan ganz catheter-induced infarction Systemic lupus erythematosus Tetralogy of fallot Thrombocytopenia Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Tiagabine Toluene diisocyanate poisoning Tonsillectomy Tonsillitis Torulopsis Tracheal cancer Tracheal trauma Tracheal ulceration Tracheal-innominate artery fistula Tracheitis Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal varices Tracheobronchitis Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica Tracheotomy Transbronchial biopsy Transtracheal aspiration Tricuspid endocarditis Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia Tuberculosis Uremic lung Vanadium poisoning Vasculitis Violent coughing Von Willebrand disease Warfarin Wegener granulomatosis Yersinia pestis Zygomycosis