Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | |||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3]. | |||
OR | |||
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3]. | |||
OR | |||
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4]. | |||
OR | |||
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]]. | |||
==Causes== | |||
===Life-threatening Causes=== | |||
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common. | |||
*Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3]. | |||
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease]. | |||
===Common Causes=== | |||
There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> | |||
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):''' | |||
**Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires | |||
**Carbon monoxide poisoning | |||
**Hydrogen cyanide poisoning | |||
**Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide) | |||
*'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude''' | |||
*'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:''' | |||
**External compression | |||
**[[Pneumothorax]] | |||
**[[Hemothorax]] | |||
**[[Flail chest]] | |||
*'''Hypoventilation:''' | |||
**'''Upper airway obstruction:''' | |||
***Foreign body aspiration | |||
***Pertussis/Croup | |||
***Epiglottitis | |||
***Tracheitis mostly bacterial | |||
***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures) | |||
***Congenital airway abnormalities: | |||
****Choanal atresia | |||
****Laryngotracheomalacia | |||
****Macroglossia | |||
****Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) | |||
**'''Neurologic abnormalities:''' | |||
***CNS depression | |||
***Severe head trauma | |||
***Apnea of prematurity | |||
***Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis) | |||
***Intraventricular hemorrhage | |||
***Seizures | |||
***Cyanotic breath holding spells | |||
***Coma | |||
**'''Neuromuscular disorders:''' | |||
*** Myasthenia gravis | |||
***Injury to the phrenic nerve | |||
***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease) | |||
**'''Metabolic disorders:''' | |||
***Severe hypoglycemia | |||
***In born errors of metabolism | |||
*'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:''' | |||
**Asthma | |||
**Pulmonary embolism | |||
**Atelectasis | |||
**Alveolar capillary dysplasia | |||
**emphysema or COPD | |||
**Pulmonary edema | |||
**Pulmonary hypoplasia | |||
**Pulmonary hemorrhage | |||
**Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) | |||
**Transient tachypnea of the newborn | |||
*'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:''' | |||
**Pulmonary fibrosis | |||
**Pulmonary edema | |||
*Pneumonia | |||
*Bronchiolitis | |||
*Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | |||
*Cystic fibrosis | |||
*Empyema | |||
*'''Circulatory causes:''' | |||
**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):''' | |||
***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:''' | |||
****Tetralogy of fallot | |||
****Tricuspid valve anomalies | |||
*****Tricuspid atresia | |||
*****Tricuspid stenosis | |||
*****Ebstein's anomaly | |||
****Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular) | |||
****Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum | |||
***'''Increased pulmonary flow:''' | |||
****TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type) | |||
****Truncus arteriosus | |||
****TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection) | |||
***'''Heart failure:''' Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include: | |||
****Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS) | |||
****Coarctation of aorta | |||
****Critical valvular aortic stenosis | |||
**'''Eisenmenger syndrome''' | |||
**'''Pulmonary causes:''' | |||
***Pulmonary hypertension | |||
***Pulmonary edema | |||
***Pulmonary hemorrhage | |||
***Pulmonary embolism | |||
***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations | |||
***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts | |||
**'''Shock''' | |||
**'''Sepsis''' | |||
**'''Acute chest syndrome''' | |||
*'''Hematologic abnormalities:''' | |||
**Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired) | |||
**Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired) | |||
**Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells | |||
**Polycythemia | |||
*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) | |||
[Disease name] may be caused by: | |||
*[Cause1] | |||
*[Cause2] | |||
*[Cause3] | |||
OR | |||
*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name]. | |||
*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name]. | |||
===Less Common Causes=== | |||
Less common causes of [[disease name]] include: | |||
*[Cause1] | |||
*[Cause2] | |||
*[Cause3] | |||
===Genetic Causes=== | |||
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene. | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | |||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | |||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular''' | |||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | |||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
Revision as of 15:55, 21 February 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
- Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
- [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
Common Causes
There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:[1]
- Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):
- Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
- Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
- Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude
- Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:
- External compression
- Pneumothorax
- Hemothorax
- Flail chest
- Hypoventilation:
- Upper airway obstruction:
- Foreign body aspiration
- Pertussis/Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Tracheitis mostly bacterial
- Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
- Congenital airway abnormalities:
- Choanal atresia
- Laryngotracheomalacia
- Macroglossia
- Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
- Neurologic abnormalities:
- CNS depression
- Severe head trauma
- Apnea of prematurity
- Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Seizures
- Cyanotic breath holding spells
- Coma
- Neuromuscular disorders:
- Myasthenia gravis
- Injury to the phrenic nerve
- Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
- Metabolic disorders:
- Severe hypoglycemia
- In born errors of metabolism
- Upper airway obstruction:
- Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:
- Asthma
- Pulmonary embolism
- Atelectasis
- Alveolar capillary dysplasia
- emphysema or COPD
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hypoplasia
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn
- Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Pulmonary edema
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Cystic fibrosis
- Empyema
- Circulatory causes:
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Tetralogy of fallot
- Tricuspid valve anomalies
- Tricuspid atresia
- Tricuspid stenosis
- Ebstein's anomaly
- Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
- Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
- Increased pulmonary flow:
- TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
- Truncus arteriosus
- TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
- Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
- Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
- Coarctation of aorta
- Critical valvular aortic stenosis
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Eisenmenger syndrome
- Pulmonary causes:
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
- Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Acute chest syndrome
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
- Hematologic abnormalities:
- Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
- Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
- Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
- Polycythemia
- Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
[Disease name] may be caused by:
- [Cause1]
- [Cause2]
- [Cause3]
OR
- [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
- [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of disease name include:
- [Cause1]
- [Cause2]
- [Cause3]
Genetic Causes
- [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular | No underlying causes
central cyanosis causes
|