Diaphragmatic paralysis echocardiography and ultrasound

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography/Ultrasound

• There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
• M-mode ultrasonography is a relatively simple and accurate test for diagnosing paralysis of the diaphragm in the adult population and it can be performed at the bedside. The paralyzed side shows no active caudal movement of the diaphragm with inspiration and abnormal paradoxical movement (ie, cranial movement on inspiration), particularly with the sniff test. Patients can be scanned in the anterior axillary line with a curved linear transducer probe angled cranially at a 90° angle to the diaphragm. In this view, the liver is used as a window on the right, while the spleen is used on the left. ^{null 12} B-mode ultrasonography of diaphragm thickness in the zone of apposition of the diaphragm to the rib cage can also provide a sensitive and specific noninvasive assessment of diaphragmatic paralysis. Less than 20% thickening of the diaphragm muscle during inspiration is diagnostic of diaphragmatic paralysis. ^{[[null 3], [null 13]]} Ultrasonography can also be used to serially monitor patients with diaphragmatic paralysis for recovery. ^{null 3}

OR

• Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis . Findings on an ultrasound suggestive of diaphragmatic paralysis include:
  • Abnormal paradoxical movement during inspiration (cranial movement)
  • Less than 20% thickening of the diaphragam is seen in diaphragmatic paralysis.
  • [Finding 3]

O

• There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include:
  • [Complication 1]
  • [Complication 2]
  • [Complication 3]