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==Overview==
==Overview==


 
Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening condition and requires prompt intensive care. Surgery is indicated in patients with hemoptysis who are resistant to embolization.
==Indications==
==Indications==
*Surgical intervention is recommended for the management of massive hemoptysis.<ref name="pmid12400152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JL |title=Manifestations of hemoptysis. How to manage minor, moderate, and massive bleeding |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=101–6, 108–9, 113 |year=2002 |pmid=12400152 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Surgery|Surgical]] intervention is recommended for the management of massive hemoptysis.<ref name="pmid12400152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JL |title=Manifestations of hemoptysis. How to manage minor, moderate, and massive bleeding |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=101–6, 108–9, 113 |year=2002 |pmid=12400152 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening condition and requires prompt intensive care.<ref name="pmid20043609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dudha M, Lehrman S, Aronow WS, Rosa J |title=Hemoptysis: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Compr Ther |volume=35 |issue=3-4 |pages=139–49 |year=2009 |pmid=20043609 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21442867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liippo K, Vasankari T |title=[Hemoptysis] |language=Finnish |journal=Duodecim |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=178–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21442867 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening condition and requires prompt [[intensive care]].<ref name="pmid20043609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dudha M, Lehrman S, Aronow WS, Rosa J |title=Hemoptysis: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Compr Ther |volume=35 |issue=3-4 |pages=139–49 |year=2009 |pmid=20043609 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21442867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liippo K, Vasankari T |title=[Hemoptysis] |language=Finnish |journal=Duodecim |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=178–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21442867 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Surgery is indicated in patients with hemoptysis who are resistant to embolization, such as:
*Surgery is indicated in patients with hemoptysis who are resistant to [[Therapeutic embolization|embolization]], such as:
**Aspergilloma
**[[Aspergillosis|Aspergilloma]]
**Hydatid cyst
**[[Echinococcosis|Hydatid cyst]]
**Thoracic vascular injury
**[[Chest|Thoracic]] [[vascular injury]]
**Bronchial adenoma
**[[Bronchial]] [[adenoma]]


==Interventional Procedures==
==Interventional Procedures==
*Interventional techniques are used to stop bleeding which include:<ref name="pmid12816036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mal H, Thabut G, Plantier L |title=[Hemoptysis] |language=French |journal=Rev Prat |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=975–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12816036 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10205720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dweik RA, Stoller JK |title=Role of bronchoscopy in massive hemoptysis |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=89–105 |year=1999 |pmid=10205720 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22420099">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joskin J, Bruls S, Brisbois D |title=[Bronchial artery ligation for the management of hemoptysis] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Liege |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=21–5 |year=2012 |pmid=22420099 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20090288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakr L, Dutau H |title=Massive hemoptysis: an update on the role of bronchoscopy in diagnosis and management |journal=Respiration |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=38–58 |year=2010 |pmid=20090288 |doi=10.1159/000274492 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23463474">{{cite journal |vauthors=Darwiche K, Karpf-Wissel R, Freitag L |title=[Hemoptysis--targets in diagnostic and therapy] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=138 |issue=11 |pages=530–5 |year=2013 |pmid=23463474 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1332907 |url=}}</ref>
*Interventional techniques are used to stop [[bleeding]] which include:<ref name="pmid12816036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mal H, Thabut G, Plantier L |title=[Hemoptysis] |language=French |journal=Rev Prat |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=975–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12816036 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10205720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dweik RA, Stoller JK |title=Role of bronchoscopy in massive hemoptysis |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=89–105 |year=1999 |pmid=10205720 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22420099">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joskin J, Bruls S, Brisbois D |title=[Bronchial artery ligation for the management of hemoptysis] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Liege |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=21–5 |year=2012 |pmid=22420099 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20090288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakr L, Dutau H |title=Massive hemoptysis: an update on the role of bronchoscopy in diagnosis and management |journal=Respiration |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=38–58 |year=2010 |pmid=20090288 |doi=10.1159/000274492 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23463474">{{cite journal |vauthors=Darwiche K, Karpf-Wissel R, Freitag L |title=[Hemoptysis--targets in diagnostic and therapy] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=138 |issue=11 |pages=530–5 |year=2013 |pmid=23463474 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1332907 |url=}}</ref>
**Bronchial arterial embolization which is:<ref name="pmid17018424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andersen PE |title=Imaging and interventional radiological treatment of hemoptysis |journal=Acta Radiol |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=780–92 |year=2006 |pmid=17018424 |doi=10.1080/02841850600827577 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26293972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramírez Mejía AR, Méndez Montero JV, Vásquez-Caicedo ML, Bustos García de Castro A, Cabeza Martínez B, Ferreirós Domínguez J |title=Radiological Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Hemoptysis |journal=Curr Probl Diagn Radiol |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=215–24 |year=2016 |pmid=26293972 |doi=10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.07.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28213604">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishikawa H, Hara M, Ryuge M, Takafuji J, Youmoto M, Akira M, Nagasaka Y, Kabata D, Yamamoto K, Shintani A |title=Efficacy and safety of super selective bronchial artery coil embolisation for haemoptysis: a single-centre retrospective observational study |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e014805 |year=2017 |pmid=28213604 |pmc=5318547 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014805 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25372159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ittrich H, Klose H, Adam G |title=Radiologic management of haemoptysis: diagnostic and interventional bronchial arterial embolisation |journal=Rofo |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=248–59 |year=2015 |pmid=25372159 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1385457 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15916059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reechaipichitkul W, Latong S |title=Etiology and treatment outcomes of massive hemoptysis |journal=Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=474–80 |year=2005 |pmid=15916059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="ShigemuraWan2009">{{cite journal|last1=Shigemura|first1=Norihisa|last2=Wan|first2=Innes Y.|last3=Yu|first3=Simon C.H.|last4=Wong|first4=Randolph H.|last5=Hsin|first5=Michael K.Y.|last6=Thung|first6=Hoi K.|last7=Lee|first7=Tak-Wai|last8=Wan|first8=Song|last9=Underwood|first9=Malcolm J.|last10=Yim|first10=Anthony P.C.|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|year=2009|pages=849–853|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010}}</ref><ref name="NoëJaffé2011">{{cite journal|last1=Noë|first1=G.D.|last2=Jaffé|first2=S.M.|last3=Molan|first3=M.P.|title=CT and CT angiography in massive haemoptysis with emphasis on pre-embolization assessment|journal=Clinical Radiology|volume=66|issue=9|year=2011|pages=869–875|issn=00099260|doi=10.1016/j.crad.2011.03.001}}</ref>
**[[Bronchial artery|Bronchial arterial]] [[Therapeutic embolization|embolization]] which is:<ref name="pmid17018424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Andersen PE |title=Imaging and interventional radiological treatment of hemoptysis |journal=Acta Radiol |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=780–92 |year=2006 |pmid=17018424 |doi=10.1080/02841850600827577 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26293972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramírez Mejía AR, Méndez Montero JV, Vásquez-Caicedo ML, Bustos García de Castro A, Cabeza Martínez B, Ferreirós Domínguez J |title=Radiological Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Hemoptysis |journal=Curr Probl Diagn Radiol |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=215–24 |year=2016 |pmid=26293972 |doi=10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.07.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28213604">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishikawa H, Hara M, Ryuge M, Takafuji J, Youmoto M, Akira M, Nagasaka Y, Kabata D, Yamamoto K, Shintani A |title=Efficacy and safety of super selective bronchial artery coil embolisation for haemoptysis: a single-centre retrospective observational study |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e014805 |year=2017 |pmid=28213604 |pmc=5318547 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014805 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25372159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ittrich H, Klose H, Adam G |title=Radiologic management of haemoptysis: diagnostic and interventional bronchial arterial embolisation |journal=Rofo |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=248–59 |year=2015 |pmid=25372159 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1385457 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15916059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reechaipichitkul W, Latong S |title=Etiology and treatment outcomes of massive hemoptysis |journal=Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=474–80 |year=2005 |pmid=15916059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="ShigemuraWan2009">{{cite journal|last1=Shigemura|first1=Norihisa|last2=Wan|first2=Innes Y.|last3=Yu|first3=Simon C.H.|last4=Wong|first4=Randolph H.|last5=Hsin|first5=Michael K.Y.|last6=Thung|first6=Hoi K.|last7=Lee|first7=Tak-Wai|last8=Wan|first8=Song|last9=Underwood|first9=Malcolm J.|last10=Yim|first10=Anthony P.C.|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|year=2009|pages=849–853|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010}}</ref><ref name="NoëJaffé2011">{{cite journal|last1=Noë|first1=G.D.|last2=Jaffé|first2=S.M.|last3=Molan|first3=M.P.|title=CT and CT angiography in massive haemoptysis with emphasis on pre-embolization assessment|journal=Clinical Radiology|volume=66|issue=9|year=2011|pages=869–875|issn=00099260|doi=10.1016/j.crad.2011.03.001}}</ref>
***Considered as a first line therapy for both new and recurrent hemoptysis
***Considered as a first line therapy for both new and recurrent hemoptysis
***Less invasive and reliable procedure
***Less [[Invasive (medical)|invasive]] and reliable procedure
***Operator-dependent technique
***Operator-dependent technique
***Excellent outcome with immediate control of bleeding reaching 80-94%
***Excellent outcome with immediate control of [[bleeding]] reaching 80-94%
{{#ev:youtube|kLO6UXaVb9w}}
{{#ev:youtube|kLO6UXaVb9w}}
{{#ev:youtube|zJ85gIjGOzY}}
{{#ev:youtube|zJ85gIjGOzY}}
* Other bronchoscopic strategies that are used to stop bleeding in a patient with hemoptysis include:
* Other [[Bronchoscopy|bronchoscopic]] strategies that are used to stop [[bleeding]] in a patient with hemoptysis include:
** Cold saline lavage
** Cold [[Saline (medicine)|saline]] lavage
** Topical vasoconstrive agents
** Topical [[vasoconstrictor]] agents
** Balloon tamponade
** [[Balloon tamponade]]
** Endobronchial stent placement
** Endobronchial [[stent]] placement
** Endobronchial spigot
** Endobronchial spigot
** Oxidized regenerated cellulose
** Oxidized regenerated [[cellulose]]
** N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue
** [[Cyanoacrylate|N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue]]
** Fibrinogen thrombin
** [[Fibrinogen]] [[thrombin]]
** Tranexamic acid
** [[Tranexamic acid]]
** Laser photocoagulation
** [[Laser photocoagulation]]
** Argon plasma coagulation
** [[Argon plasma coagulation]]
** Electrocautery
** [[Cauterization|Electrocautery]]


== Surgery ==
== Surgery ==
*Patients with massive hemoptysis must be admitted in the ICU and prompt surgical and medical interventions must be started.<ref name="pmid12400152" />
*Patients with massive hemoptysis must be admitted in the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] and prompt surgical and medical interventions must be started.<ref name="pmid12400152" />
*An appropriate team of cardiothoracic surgery, pulmonary medicine, anesthesia, and interventional radiology is required to manage the massive hemoptysis.<ref name="pmid12793622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corder R |title=Hemoptysis |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=421–35 |year=2003 |pmid=12793622 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20090288" /><ref name="pmid16739895">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwizer B |title=[Acute hemoptysis] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=355–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16739895 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.63.5.355 |url=}}</ref>
*An appropriate team of [[Cardiac surgery|cardiothoracic]] surgery, [[Lung|pulmonary]] medicine, [[anesthesia]], and [[interventional radiology]] is required to manage the massive hemoptysis.<ref name="pmid12793622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corder R |title=Hemoptysis |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=421–35 |year=2003 |pmid=12793622 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20090288" /><ref name="pmid16739895">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwizer B |title=[Acute hemoptysis] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=355–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16739895 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.63.5.355 |url=}}</ref>
*Surgery was a first line therapy for massive hemoptysis in the past.  
*[[Surgery]] was a first line therapy for massive hemoptysis in the past.  
*After introduction of bronchial arterial embolization in the 1970s, approaches toward massive hemoptysis were changed.
*After introduction of bronchial arterial [[Therapeutic embolization|embolization]] in the 1970s, approaches toward massive hemoptysis were changed.
*Surgical techniques that are used for management of hemoptysis include:
*Surgical techniques that are used for management of hemoptysis include:
**Pulmonary resection:<ref name="ShigemuraWan2009">{{cite journal|last1=Shigemura|first1=Norihisa|last2=Wan|first2=Innes Y.|last3=Yu|first3=Simon C.H.|last4=Wong|first4=Randolph H.|last5=Hsin|first5=Michael K.Y.|last6=Thung|first6=Hoi K.|last7=Lee|first7=Tak-Wai|last8=Wan|first8=Song|last9=Underwood|first9=Malcolm J.|last10=Yim|first10=Anthony P.C.|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|year=2009|pages=849–853|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010}}</ref>
**[[Pneumonectomy|Pulmonary resection]]:<ref name="ShigemuraWan2009">{{cite journal|last1=Shigemura|first1=Norihisa|last2=Wan|first2=Innes Y.|last3=Yu|first3=Simon C.H.|last4=Wong|first4=Randolph H.|last5=Hsin|first5=Michael K.Y.|last6=Thung|first6=Hoi K.|last7=Lee|first7=Tak-Wai|last8=Wan|first8=Song|last9=Underwood|first9=Malcolm J.|last10=Yim|first10=Anthony P.C.|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|year=2009|pages=849–853|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010}}</ref>
***It is definitely curative.
***It is definitely curative.
***It is effective for localized lesions.
***It is effective for localized lesions.
***It has a mortality rate of 10-30%.
***It has a [[mortality rate]] of 10-30%.
***Rigid bronchoscopy procedure before surgery improves the outcome by clearing the airway and stabilizing patients in emergency situations.
***[[Bronchoscopy|Rigid bronchoscopy]] procedure before [[surgery]] improves the outcome by clearing the [[airway]] and stabilizing patients in emergency situations.
{{#ev:youtube|8c8j_yYavMI}}
{{#ev:youtube|8c8j_yYavMI}}
*Other techniques that are used to manage hemoptysis include:<ref name="ShigemuraWan2009">{{cite journal|last1=Shigemura|first1=Norihisa|last2=Wan|first2=Innes Y.|last3=Yu|first3=Simon C.H.|last4=Wong|first4=Randolph H.|last5=Hsin|first5=Michael K.Y.|last6=Thung|first6=Hoi K.|last7=Lee|first7=Tak-Wai|last8=Wan|first8=Song|last9=Underwood|first9=Malcolm J.|last10=Yim|first10=Anthony P.C.|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|year=2009|pages=849–853|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010}}</ref>
*Other techniques that are used to manage hemoptysis include:<ref name="ShigemuraWan2009">{{cite journal|last1=Shigemura|first1=Norihisa|last2=Wan|first2=Innes Y.|last3=Yu|first3=Simon C.H.|last4=Wong|first4=Randolph H.|last5=Hsin|first5=Michael K.Y.|last6=Thung|first6=Hoi K.|last7=Lee|first7=Tak-Wai|last8=Wan|first8=Song|last9=Underwood|first9=Malcolm J.|last10=Yim|first10=Anthony P.C.|title=Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=87|issue=3|year=2009|pages=849–853|issn=00034975|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010}}</ref>
**Lobectomy
**[[Lobectomy]]
**Bilobectomy
**Bilobectomy
**Pneumonectomy


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 20:13, 26 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening condition and requires prompt intensive care. Surgery is indicated in patients with hemoptysis who are resistant to embolization.

Indications

Interventional Procedures

{{#ev:youtube|kLO6UXaVb9w}} {{#ev:youtube|zJ85gIjGOzY}}

Surgery

  • Patients with massive hemoptysis must be admitted in the ICU and prompt surgical and medical interventions must be started.[1]
  • An appropriate team of cardiothoracic surgery, pulmonary medicine, anesthesia, and interventional radiology is required to manage the massive hemoptysis.[16][7][17]
  • Surgery was a first line therapy for massive hemoptysis in the past.
  • After introduction of bronchial arterial embolization in the 1970s, approaches toward massive hemoptysis were changed.
  • Surgical techniques that are used for management of hemoptysis include:

{{#ev:youtube|8c8j_yYavMI}}

  • Other techniques that are used to manage hemoptysis include:[14]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Johnson JL (2002). "Manifestations of hemoptysis. How to manage minor, moderate, and massive bleeding". Postgrad Med. 112 (4): 101–6, 108–9, 113. PMID 12400152.
  2. ↑ Dudha M, Lehrman S, Aronow WS, Rosa J (2009). "Hemoptysis: diagnosis and treatment". Compr Ther. 35 (3–4): 139–49. PMID 20043609.
  3. ↑ Liippo K, Vasankari T (2011). "[Hemoptysis]". Duodecim (in Finnish). 127 (2): 178–84. PMID 21442867.
  4. ↑ Mal H, Thabut G, Plantier L (2003). "[Hemoptysis]". Rev Prat (in French). 53 (9): 975–9. PMID 12816036.
  5. ↑ Dweik RA, Stoller JK (1999). "Role of bronchoscopy in massive hemoptysis". Clin. Chest Med. 20 (1): 89–105. PMID 10205720.
  6. ↑ Joskin J, Bruls S, Brisbois D (2012). "[Bronchial artery ligation for the management of hemoptysis]". Rev Med Liege (in French). 67 (1): 21–5. PMID 22420099.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sakr L, Dutau H (2010). "Massive hemoptysis: an update on the role of bronchoscopy in diagnosis and management". Respiration. 80 (1): 38–58. doi:10.1159/000274492. PMID 20090288.
  8. ↑ Darwiche K, Karpf-Wissel R, Freitag L (2013). "[Hemoptysis--targets in diagnostic and therapy]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 138 (11): 530–5. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1332907. PMID 23463474.
  9. ↑ Andersen PE (2006). "Imaging and interventional radiological treatment of hemoptysis". Acta Radiol. 47 (8): 780–92. doi:10.1080/02841850600827577. PMID 17018424.
  10. ↑ Ramírez Mejía AR, Méndez Montero JV, Vásquez-Caicedo ML, Bustos García de Castro A, Cabeza Martínez B, Ferreirós Domínguez J (2016). "Radiological Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Hemoptysis". Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 45 (3): 215–24. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.07.007. PMID 26293972.
  11. ↑ Ishikawa H, Hara M, Ryuge M, Takafuji J, Youmoto M, Akira M, Nagasaka Y, Kabata D, Yamamoto K, Shintani A (2017). "Efficacy and safety of super selective bronchial artery coil embolisation for haemoptysis: a single-centre retrospective observational study". BMJ Open. 7 (2): e014805. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014805. PMC 5318547. PMID 28213604.
  12. ↑ Ittrich H, Klose H, Adam G (2015). "Radiologic management of haemoptysis: diagnostic and interventional bronchial arterial embolisation". Rofo. 187 (4): 248–59. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1385457. PMID 25372159.
  13. ↑ Reechaipichitkul W, Latong S (2005). "Etiology and treatment outcomes of massive hemoptysis". Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 36 (2): 474–80. PMID 15916059.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Shigemura, Norihisa; Wan, Innes Y.; Yu, Simon C.H.; Wong, Randolph H.; Hsin, Michael K.Y.; Thung, Hoi K.; Lee, Tak-Wai; Wan, Song; Underwood, Malcolm J.; Yim, Anthony P.C. (2009). "Multidisciplinary Management of Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis: A 10-Year Experience". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 87 (3): 849–853. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.11.010. ISSN 0003-4975.
  15. ↑ Noë, G.D.; Jaffé, S.M.; Molan, M.P. (2011). "CT and CT angiography in massive haemoptysis with emphasis on pre-embolization assessment". Clinical Radiology. 66 (9): 869–875. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2011.03.001. ISSN 0009-9260.
  16. ↑ Corder R (2003). "Hemoptysis". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 21 (2): 421–35. PMID 12793622.
  17. ↑ Schwizer B (2006). "[Acute hemoptysis]". Ther Umsch (in German). 63 (5): 355–9. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.63.5.355. PMID 16739895.
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