Respiratory patterns: Difference between revisions
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== Eupnea == | == Eupnea == | ||
* Normal breathing is consisted of inhalation (sucking the air into the lungs) followed by exhalation (blowing the air out of the lungs). | |||
* Every exhalation is followed by an automatic pause of about 2 second, before the next inhalation. | |||
* Inhalation is an active process using diaphragm muscles, despite exhalation which is a passive process. | |||
* Eupnea is the normal pattern of breathing with a rate of 10-12 per minute, each cycle is composed of: | |||
** Inhalation of 1.5-2 seconds | |||
** Exhalation of 1.5-2 seconds | |||
** Spontaneous stop of 2 seconds | |||
* The main characteristics of eupnea are as following: | |||
** Slow | |||
** Regular | |||
** Nasal inhalation, oral exhalation | |||
** Diaphragmatic | |||
** Effortless | |||
** Clear auscultation: | |||
*** No panting | |||
*** No wheezing | |||
*** No sighing | |||
*** No deep breathing | |||
== Tachypnea == | == Tachypnea == | ||
* Tachypnea is increased rate and decrease depth of breathing. | |||
==== The main pathophysiology of tachypnea is as following: ==== | |||
{{family tree/start}} | |||
{{family tree| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Decreased plasma [[oxygen]] ([[hypoxemia]])|A02=Increased plasma [[CO2]] <br>([[respiratory acidosis]])|A03=Decreased [[pulmonary compliance]]|A04=Increased [[airway]] resistance}} | |||
{{family tree| | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | |||
{{family tree| | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | B04 | | | | | | | | | | | |B01=[[Carotid body]]|B02=[[Medullary]] [[chemoreceptors]]|B03=[[Pulmonary]] or [[muscle]] [[mechanoreceptors]]|B04=[[Airway]] [[receptors]]}} | |||
{{family tree| | |`|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | |||
{{family tree| | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01='''Pathophysiology of tachypnea'''}} | |||
{{family tree/end}} | |||
* The main causes of tachypnea are classified into pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematologic, and metabolic pathophysiologies. | |||
== Bradypnea == | == Bradypnea == | ||
Revision as of 19:08, 27 February 2018
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Respiratory Patterns |
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Classification |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Classification
Eupnea
- Normal breathing is consisted of inhalation (sucking the air into the lungs) followed by exhalation (blowing the air out of the lungs).
- Every exhalation is followed by an automatic pause of about 2 second, before the next inhalation.
- Inhalation is an active process using diaphragm muscles, despite exhalation which is a passive process.
- Eupnea is the normal pattern of breathing with a rate of 10-12 per minute, each cycle is composed of:
- Inhalation of 1.5-2 seconds
- Exhalation of 1.5-2 seconds
- Spontaneous stop of 2 seconds
- The main characteristics of eupnea are as following:
- Slow
- Regular
- Nasal inhalation, oral exhalation
- Diaphragmatic
- Effortless
- Clear auscultation:
- No panting
- No wheezing
- No sighing
- No deep breathing
Tachypnea
- Tachypnea is increased rate and decrease depth of breathing.
The main pathophysiology of tachypnea is as following:
| Decreased plasma oxygen (hypoxemia) | Increased plasma CO2 (respiratory acidosis) | Decreased pulmonary compliance | Increased airway resistance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carotid body | Medullary chemoreceptors | Pulmonary or muscle mechanoreceptors | Airway receptors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pathophysiology of tachypnea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- The main causes of tachypnea are classified into pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematologic, and metabolic pathophysiologies.