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Revision as of 15:19, 27 February 2018

Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam			Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Extrathoracic upper airway diseases	Laryngeal edema (Anaphylaxis)	Acute	-		-	✔	✔	-	Hoarseness Stridor	High levels of serum tryptase Increased levels of plasma histamine Skin allergy test	Not specific	Not required	Not required	Acute onset with one of them: Respiratory compromise Reduced blood pressure (BP) Two or more after the exposure to a likely allergen Respiratory compromise Reduced BP Gastrointestinalsymptoms Skin-mucosal involvement BP reduced after exposure of a known allergen Adult BP systolic<90 mmHg Children: Low systolic BP	Nasal discharge, altered mental status, redness and hives of the skin Common allergens: Food, insect sting, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
	Cricoarytenoid arthritis	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Test for Rheumatoid arthritis	Forced inspiratory flowdecreased Forced expiratory flowdecreased	Clear chest	Hyperdense intra-articular sclerotic cricoid and arytenoid cartilages in CT^[1]	Direct laryngoscopy	Cartilage erosion can lead on joint luxation and immobilization of the cord^[1]
	Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis^[2]	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Short breathing	Not specific	Variable	Clear chest	Not required	Laryngoscopy	Associated with neck surgery
	Paradoxical vocal fold motion	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Inspiratory stridor	Hypercapnia in arterial blood gases when distress is severe	Forced inspiratory flow decrease but normal between episodes^[3]	Clear chest	CT and color flow doppler to rule out other diseases^[4]	Abnormal adduction of vocal fold visualized in laryngoscopy	Throat tightness, choking sensation Associated withexercise, asthma, postextubation, etc^[5]
	Laryngeal stenosis^[6]	Acute, Chronic	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	-	Glottic or supraglottic: Inspiratory stridor Glottis through trachea: biphasic stridor	Not specific	FV loop variable	Clear chest	Stenosis visualized in neck x-ray	Palpation of arytenoid for passive mobility and laryngoscopy^[7]	History of neck trauma or intubation
	Laryngocele	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Inspiratory stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Normal function	Clear chest	Cyst with liquid or air content on ultrasound, radiography or CT	Smooth swelling visualized in laryngoscopy^[8]	Dysphagia, laryngeal discomfort Usually asymptomatic
	Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)	Acute	-	✔	✔	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Leukocytosis Epiglottal culture	Normal function	Clear chest	More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend hypopharynx in neck x-ray	An edematous epiglottis is visualized on laryngoscopy^[9]	Tripod posture Drooling Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
	Goiter	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Thyroid function tests: TSH, T3, and T4 Thyroid peroxide antibodies :TPO	Airflow limitation of the volume loop depending on the size and localization^[10]	Substernal goiter causes a deviation of the trachea	CT can be performed to visualize the cervical and substernal goiter and its extention^[11]	Physical examination	Iodine deficiency is the most common cause^[12]
	Postnasal drip syndrome	Acute	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Elevated eosinophils Increase of IgE Positive intradermic test^[13]	Normal response to bronchoprovocation Variable FV loop	Clear chest	Sinus CT mat be helpful	Clinical diagnosis	Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea
	Relapsing polychondritis	Acute	✔	✔	✔	-	-	-	Hoarseness Aphonia Inspiratory stridor	Leukocytosis or thrombocytosis Positive antinuclear antibodies ( ANA) and ANCA	Variable flow volume loop	Tracheal narrowing Cartilaginous calcification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing is observed on CT MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Cartilaginous calicification, bronchial wall thickness and tracheal narrowing observed in CT ^[14] MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Mc Adam criteria:^[15] Ear bilateral chondritis Seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis Respiratory tract chondritis Coclear or vestibular dysfunction Ocular inflamation	Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
	Retropharyngeal abscess	Subacute	-	✔	✔	✔	-	-	Stridor Tachypnea	Leukocytosis Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures may be helpful^[16]	Normal function	Lateral chest x-ray to determine the extension of the abscess	Increased vertebral space in lateral neck x-ray Cervical lordosis and gas collection in retropharyngeal space in neck CT with intravenous contrast	Neck CT or presence of pus during the surgical procedure ^[17]	Pain with neck extension Dysphagia Head in sniffing position
	Tonsillar hypertrophy	Acute, chronic	-	✔	-	✔ hyponasal speech	-	-	Stridor	Not specific	Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing	Clear chest	Not required	Direct visualization of enlarged tonsils in oropharyngeal exam^[18]	More in children and adolescents
	Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing	Not required	CT provide information about the grade of invasion MRI can make a difference between tumors in the mucosa or bone marrow^[19]	Fine needle aspiration biopsy	Risk factor: Tobacco and HPV infections
Central airway diseases (Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)	Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy	Chronic	✔	✔	✔	-	-	-	Stridor Hoarseness	Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in thymic tumors High levels of AFP and beta-hCG present in germ cell tumors Increased lactate dehydrogenase in seminomas	Expiratory flow rate decreased^[20]	Size, location, and density of the mass can be observed	In chest CT . location, size, tissue characteristic, and relationship with other structures of the mass is observed Information of posterior mediastinal mass can be provided in chest or spine MRI ^[21]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Superior vena cava syndrome Surgical resection
	Respiratory papillomatosis	Chronic	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Not specific	Not specific	Solid or cavitated pulmonary nodules	Nodules which involves mucosal surface observed in CT^[22]	Polypoid lesions observed on bronchoscopy	Etiology: HPV 6 and 11 Biopsy to determine the type of virus
	Tracheobronchomalacia	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor Forced expiration	Not specifc	Low expiratory flow in flow volume loop	Airway compression from other structures	Airway collpse observed in images at the end of inspiration in dynamic CT^[23]	Airway collapse observed on bronchoscopy^[24]	Sputum retention Barking cough
	Tracheal stenosis	Acute	-	✔	-	-	✔	-	Stridor Monophonic expiratory	Not specific	FV loop variable	Narrowing of the trachea	Extension of the narrowing observed in CT or MRI	Narrowing of the trachea observed in bronchoscopy^[25]	Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival^[26]
	Tracheal and bronchial tumors	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Hoarseness	Not specific	FV loop variable	Narrowing of the trachea	Foca lesionsl, polypoid ,and narrowing observed in CT^[27]	Biopsy obtained by bronchoscopy^[27]	Squamous cell carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Benign tumors
	Vascular ring or aneurysm	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Hoarseness	D-dimer Blood urea Blood nitrogen Anemia point acute loss blood	Not required	Aortic knob enlarged Displacement to the trachea ^[28]	ECG to rule out myocardial infarction	CT or angiography MR to determine the aortic diameter or any change	Usually asymptomatic Chest or abdominal pain appears when other structures are compressed
Lower airway obstruction	Bronchiectasis	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	✔	Crackles Shortness of breath	Neutrophilia Levels of IgM, IgG and IgA Sputum culture for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria^[29]	FEV1/FVC <70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	Linar atelectasis Dilated airways	Tram lines or end-on ring shadows in chest CT ^[30]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Chest pleuritic pain
	Bronchiolitis	Acute	✔	✔	✔	-	✔	.	Crackles Increased respiratory rate	For bacterial infection in neonates: CBC Urinalysis Urine culture	Normal function or obstructive changes (FEV1/FVC<70%) Air trapping in Lung volumes Reduced Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide ( DLCO) ^[31]	Hyperinflation Mosaic attenuation Increased bronchial wall^[31]	Bronchoscopy to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus, Rhinovirus
	Carcinoid syndrome	Chronic	-	✔	-	-	-	-	Shortness of breath	Twenty four hour urine for 5-HIAA Urinary excretion of serotonin High levels of chromogranin concentration ^[32]	Not specific	Enlargement of the heart ^[33]	Carcinoid tumors of jejunum, appendix and colon are oberved in abdominal CT Liver metastases are visualized in MRI	Abdominal and pelvic CT^[32]	Flushing Diarrhea
	Heart failure	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Crackles Leg edema	BUN and serum creatinin concentration to evaluate renal function Liver function tests Fasting lipid profile^[34]	Not required	Pleural effusion Pulmonary edema	ST and T waves abnormalities in ECG SaO2 <90%^[35]	Clinical diagnosis (test are supportive)	High levels of BNP and pro-BNP^[36]
	Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) ^[37]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Shortness of breath	Not specific	FEV1/FVC <70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	Pulmonary nodules	Mosaic pattern and nodules observed in chest CT	Hyperplasia showed in biopsy	Single neuroendocrine cell and/ or linear proliferation of the cells that involves bronchial epithelium
	Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema	Acute	✔	✔	-	-	✔	-	Crackles	Hypoxemia in arterial blood gases	PaO2/FiO2 <300 mmHg	Bilateral alveolar infiltration	Bilateral opacities in CT	According to Berlin definition:^[38] One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult Symptoms can not be explain by cardiac disease Bilateral opacities in chest X-Ray or CT Compromised oxygenation	High altitute pulmonary edema (HAPE) Neurogenic pulmonary edema
	Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)	Acute	✔	✔	✔	-	-	-	Rales	Leukocytosis Eosinophilia Toxocara antigens detected in ELISA Hypergammaglobulinemia^[39]	Not specific	Bilateral peribronchial infiltration Parenchymal infiltration	Subpleural nodules, ground-glass opacities observed in chest CT ^[40]	Larve on biopsy	Eosinophilia detected in bronchoalveolar lavage
	Pulmonary thromboembolism	Acute, subacute, Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Tachypnea Decreased breath sounds	Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation High levels of lactic acid in complete blood count Hypoxemia in arterial blood gas ^[41] D-dimer to rule out other diseases Troponin I or T	Not required	Hamptom and Westermark sign in chest X-Ray ^[42]	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[43]	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[43]	Most emboli comes from iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins
	Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome	Acute	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Tachypnea	No required Complete blood count to rule out other diseases	FEV1/FVC <70% ^[44]	Normal or hyperinflation	CT to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis: History of exposure Acute onset with sympotoms in 24h Airway obstruction > 3 months^[44]	Burning sensation in the throat Chest pain High dose of inhalation of the irritant

References

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↑ Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL (October 2006). "Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135 (4): 590–4. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014. PMID 17011423.
↑ Forrest LA, Husein T, Husein O (April 2012). "Paradoxical vocal cord motion: classification and treatment". Laryngoscope. 122 (4): 844–53. doi:10.1002/lary.23176. PMID 22434681.
↑ Nastasi KJ, Howard DA, Raby RB, Lew DB, Blaiss MS (June 1997). "Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 78 (6): 586–8. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63220-6. PMID 9207723.
↑ Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA (March 2013). "Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management". Laryngoscope. 123 (3): 727–31. doi:10.1002/lary.23654. PMID 23097011.
↑ Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A (September 2016). "Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 68 (3): 294–9. doi:10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2. PMC 4961642. PMID 27508129.
↑ Bogdasarian RS, Olson NR (1980). "Posterior glottic laryngeal stenosis". Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 88 (6): 765–72. PMID 7208045.
↑ Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D (April 1994). "Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 120 (4): 454–8. PMID 8166980.
↑ Glynn F, Fenton JE (May 2008). "Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis)". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 10 (3): 200–4. PMID 18510881.
↑ Al-Bazzaz F, Grillo H, Kazemi H (May 1975). "Response to exercise in upper airway obstruction". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 111 (5): 631–40. doi:10.1164/arrd.1975.111.5.631. PMID 1130755.
↑ Bashist B, Ellis K, Gold RP (March 1983). "Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140 (3): 455–60. doi:10.2214/ajr.140.3.455. PMID 6600532.
↑ Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, Rasmussen S, Dige-Petersen H, Jørgensen T (March 2000). "Thyroid structure and size and two-year follow-up of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 142 (3): 224–30. PMID 10700715.
↑ Yu L, Xu X, Lv H, Qiu Z (May 2015). "Advances in upper airway cough syndrome". Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 31 (5): 223–8. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.005. PMID 25910556.
↑ Behar JV, Choi YW, Hartman TA, Allen NB, McAdams HP (January 2002). "Relapsing polychondritis affecting the lower respiratory tract". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178 (1): 173–7. doi:10.2214/ajr.178.1.1780173. PMID 11756115.
↑ McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM (May 1976). "Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (3): 193–215. PMID 775252.
↑ Knorr TL, Sinha V. PMID 28722903. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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↑ "CDC - Head and Neck Cancers".
↑ Shamberger RC, Holzman RS, Griscom NT, Tarbell NJ, Weinstein HJ, Wohl ME (September 1995). "Prospective evaluation by computed tomography and pulmonary function tests of children with mediastinal masses". Surgery. 118 (3): 468–71. PMID 7652680.
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↑ Aquino SL, Shepard JA, Ginns LC, Moore RH, Halpern E, Grillo HC, McLoud TC (2001). "Acquired tracheomalacia: detection by expiratory CT scan". J Comput Assist Tomogr. 25 (3): 394–9. PMID 11351189.
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↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Stevic R, Milenkovic B (November 2016). "Tracheobronchial tumors". J Thorac Dis. 8 (11): 3401–3413. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.11.24. PMC 5179373. PMID 28066620.
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↑ Milliron B, Henry TS, Veeraraghavan S, Little BP (2015). "Bronchiectasis: Mechanisms and Imaging Clues of Associated Common and Uncommon Diseases". Radiographics. 35 (4): 1011–30. doi:10.1148/rg.2015140214. PMID 26024063.
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↑ Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP (2016). "Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence". Ecancermedicalscience. 10: 662. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2016.662. PMC 4990058. PMID 27594907.
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Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid22884484-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Greco A, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Marinelli C, Polettini E, Benincasa AT, de Vincentiis M (2012). "Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation". Am J Otolaryngol. 33 (6): 753–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.004. PMID 22884484.

[pmid17011423-2] Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL (October 2006). "Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135 (4): 590–4. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014. PMID 17011423.

[pmid22434681-3] Forrest LA, Husein T, Husein O (April 2012). "Paradoxical vocal cord motion: classification and treatment". Laryngoscope. 122 (4): 844–53. doi:10.1002/lary.23176. PMID 22434681.

[pmid9207723-4] Nastasi KJ, Howard DA, Raby RB, Lew DB, Blaiss MS (June 1997). "Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 78 (6): 586–8. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63220-6. PMID 9207723.

[pmid23097011-5] Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA (March 2013). "Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management". Laryngoscope. 123 (3): 727–31. doi:10.1002/lary.23654. PMID 23097011.

[pmid27508129-6] Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A (September 2016). "Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 68 (3): 294–9. doi:10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2. PMC 4961642. PMID 27508129.

[pmid7208045-7] Bogdasarian RS, Olson NR (1980). "Posterior glottic laryngeal stenosis". Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 88 (6): 765–72. PMID 7208045.

[pmid8166980-8] Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D (April 1994). "Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 120 (4): 454–8. PMID 8166980.

[pmid18510881-9] Glynn F, Fenton JE (May 2008). "Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis)". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 10 (3): 200–4. PMID 18510881.

[pmid1130755-10] Al-Bazzaz F, Grillo H, Kazemi H (May 1975). "Response to exercise in upper airway obstruction". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 111 (5): 631–40. doi:10.1164/arrd.1975.111.5.631. PMID 1130755.

[pmid6600532-11] Bashist B, Ellis K, Gold RP (March 1983). "Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140 (3): 455–60. doi:10.2214/ajr.140.3.455. PMID 6600532.

[pmid10700715-12] Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, Rasmussen S, Dige-Petersen H, Jørgensen T (March 2000). "Thyroid structure and size and two-year follow-up of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 142 (3): 224–30. PMID 10700715.

[pmid25910556-13] Yu L, Xu X, Lv H, Qiu Z (May 2015). "Advances in upper airway cough syndrome". Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 31 (5): 223–8. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.005. PMID 25910556.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{| class="wikitable"
+{|
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 (Anaphylaxis)
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * High levels of [[serum]] [[tryptase]]
 * Increased levels of [[plasma]] [[histamine]]
 * [[Skin allergy test]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 Acute onset with one of them:
 * Respiratory compromise
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 * Adult [[Blood pressure|BP]] [[Systole (medicine)|systolic]]<90 mmHg
 * Children: Low [[Systolic blood pressure|systolic BP]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Nasal discharge]], [[altered mental status]], redness and [[hives]] of the [[skin]]
 * Common [[Allergen|allergens]]: Food, insect sting, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Cricoarytenoid arthritis
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Test for [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Lung volumes|Forced inspiratory flow]]<nowiki/>decreased
 * [[Lung volumes|Forced expiratory flow]]<nowiki/>decreased
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Hyperdense intra-articular sclerotic [[Cricoid cartilage|cricoid]] and [[arytenoid cartilage]]<nowiki/>s in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid22884484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greco A, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Marinelli C, Polettini E, Benincasa AT, de Vincentiis M |title=Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=753–5 |date= 2012 |pmid=22884484 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.004 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Laryngoscopy|Direct laryngoscopy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Cartilage]] <nowiki/>erosion can lead on joint luxation and immobilization of the [[cord]]<ref name="pmid22884484" />
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis<ref name="pmid17011423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL |title=Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=590–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17011423 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * Short breathing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Laryngoscopy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Associated with [[Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery|neck surgery]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Paradoxical vocal fold motion
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Inspiratory [[stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hypercapnia]] in [[arterial blood gases]] <nowiki/>when [[distress]] is severe
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Lung function tests|Forced inspiratory flow]] <nowiki/>decrease but normal between episodes<ref name="pmid22434681">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forrest LA, Husein T, Husein O |title=Paradoxical vocal cord motion: classification and treatment |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=844–53 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22434681 |doi=10.1002/lary.23176 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] and color flow doppler <nowiki/>to rule out other diseases<ref name="pmid9207723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nastasi KJ, Howard DA, Raby RB, Lew DB, Blaiss MS |title=Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=586–8 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9207723 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63220-6 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Abnormal [[adduction]] of [[vocal fold]] visualized in [[laryngoscopy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Throat]] tightness, choking sensation
 * Associated with[[exercise]], [[asthma]], postextubation, etc<ref name="pmid23097011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA |title=Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=727–31 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23097011 |doi=10.1002/lary.23654 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Laryngeal stenosis<ref name="pmid27508129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A |title=Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=294–9 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27508129 |pmc=4961642 |doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute, Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Glottic]] or [[Glottis|supraglottic]]: Inspiratory [[stridor]]
 * [[Glottis]] <nowiki/>through [[trachea]]: biphasic [[stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Vital capacity|FV]] loop variable
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Stenosis visualized in [[neck]] [[x-ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Palpation of [[Arytenoid cartilage|arytenoid]] <nowiki/>for passive mobility and [[Laryngoscope|laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid7208045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bogdasarian RS, Olson NR |title=Posterior glottic laryngeal stenosis |journal=Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=765–72 |date= 1980 |pmid=7208045 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * History of neck trauma or [[intubation]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Laryngocele
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Inspiratory [[stridor]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Cyst]] with liquid or air content on [[ultrasound]], [[radiography]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Smooth swelling visualized in [[laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid8166980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D |title=Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=454–8 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8166980 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Dysphagia]], laryngeal discomfort
 * Usually [[asymptomatic]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Leukocytosis]]
 * Epiglottal [[Culture collection|culture]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend [[hypopharynx]]  in neck [[x-ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * An edematous [[epiglottis]] is visualized on [[laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid18510881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glynn F, Fenton JE |title=Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis) |journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=200–4 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18510881 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Tripod posture
 * [[Drooling]]
@@ Line 215: / Line 215: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Goiter
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Thyroid function tests]]: [[TSH]], [[Triiodothyronine|T3]], and [[Thyroxine|T4]]
 * [[Thyroid peroxidase|Thyroid peroxide antibodies]] :[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Airflow limitation of the volume loop depending on the size and localization<ref name="pmid1130755">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Bazzaz F, Grillo H, Kazemi H |title=Response to exercise in upper airway obstruction |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=631–40 |date=May 1975 |pmid=1130755 |doi=10.1164/arrd.1975.111.5.631 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Substernal [[goiter]] causes a deviation of the [[trachea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] can be performed to visualize the [[cervical]] and substernal [[goiter]] and its extention<ref name="pmid6600532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bashist B, Ellis K, Gold RP |title=Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=455–60 |date=March 1983 |pmid=6600532 |doi=10.2214/ajr.140.3.455 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Physical examination]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Iodine deficiency]] is the most common cause<ref name="pmid10700715">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, Rasmussen S, Dige-Petersen H, Jørgensen T |title=Thyroid structure and size and two-year follow-up of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=224–30 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10700715 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Postnasal drip syndrome
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Elevated [[eosinophils]]
@@ Line 254: / Line 254: @@
 * Positive intradermic test<ref name="pmid25910556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yu L, Xu X, Lv H, Qiu Z |title=Advances in upper airway cough syndrome |journal=Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=223–8 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25910556 |doi=10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.005 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal response to [[bronchoprovocation]]
 * Variable FV loop
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Sinus [[Computed tomography|CT]] mat be helpful
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Nasal congestion]]
 * [[Rhinorrhea]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Relapsing polychondritis
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Aphonia]]
 * Inspiratory [[stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Leukocytosis]] or [[thrombocytosis]]
 * Positive [[antinuclear antibodies]] ( [[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]]) and  [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable flow volume loop
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Tracheal narrowing
 * Cartilaginous calcification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing is observed on CT
 * MRI can distinguish [[fibrosis]] from inflammation
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Cartilaginous calicification, [[Bronchial|bronchial wall]] thickness and tracheal narrowing observed in  [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid11756115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Behar JV, Choi YW, Hartman TA, Allen NB, McAdams HP |title=Relapsing polychondritis affecting the lower respiratory tract |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=173–7 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11756115 |doi=10.2214/ajr.178.1.1780173 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 * [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] can distinguish [[fibrosis]] from inflammation
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 Mc Adam criteria:<ref name="pmid775252">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM |title=Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=193–215 |date=May 1976 |pmid=775252 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 *  [[Ear]] bilateral [[chondritis]]
@@ Line 299: / Line 299: @@
 * Coclear or [[Vestibular system|vestibular]] dysfunction
 * [[Ocular]] [[inflamation]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Retropharyngeal abscess
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Subacute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Subacute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Tachypnea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Leukocytosis]]
 * [[Aerobic bacteria|Aerobic]] and [[Anaerobic bacteria|anaerobic]] [[Blood culture|blood cultures]] may be helpful<ref name="pmid28722903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knorr TL, Sinha V |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722903 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Lateral [[Chest X-ray|chest x-ray]] to determine the extension of the [[abscess]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Increased vertebral space in lateral neck [[x-ray]]
 * Cervical [[lordosis]] and gas collection in [[retropharyngeal space]] in neck [[Computed tomography|CT]] with intravenous contrast
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Neck [[Computed tomography|CT]] or presence of pus during the surgical procedure <ref name="pmid7991254">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lazor JB, Cunningham MJ, Eavey RD, Weber AL |title=Comparison of computed tomography and surgical findings in deep neck infections |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=111 |issue=6 |pages=746–50 |date=December 1994 |pmid=7991254 |doi=10.1177/019459989411100608 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Pain with neck extension
 * [[Dysphagia]]
@@ Line 331: / Line 331: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Tonsillar hypertrophy
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute, chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔ hyponasal speech
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ hyponasal speech
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Direct visualization of enlarged [[tonsils]] in [[oropharyngeal]] exam<ref name="pmid22973368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jazi SM, Barati B, Kheradmand A |title=Treatment of adenotonsillar hypertrophy: A prospective randomized trial comparing azithromycin vs. fluticasone |journal=J Res Med Sci |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1590–7 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22973368 |pmc=3434901 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * More in children and adolescents
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] provide information about the grade of invasion
 * [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] can make a difference between tumors in the mucosa or bone marrow<ref name="urlCDC - Head and Neck Cancers">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/headneck/index.htm |title=CDC - Head and Neck Cancers |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Fine needle aspiration [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Risk factor: [[Tobacco]] and [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] infections
 |-
@@ Line 381: / Line 381: @@
 (Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in [[thymic]] [[Tumor|tumors]]
 * High levels of [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] and [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|beta-hCG]] present in [[Germ cell tumor|germ cell tumors]]
 * Increased [[lactate dehydrogenase]] in [[Seminoma|seminomas]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Lung volumes|Expiratory flow rate]] decreased<ref name="pmid7652680">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shamberger RC, Holzman RS, Griscom NT, Tarbell NJ, Weinstein HJ, Wohl ME |title=Prospective evaluation by computed tomography and pulmonary function tests of children with mediastinal masses |journal=Surgery |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=468–71 |date=September 1995 |pmid=7652680 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Size, location, and density of the mass can be observed
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * In [[Computed tomography|chest CT]] . location, size, tissue characteristic, and relationship with other structures of the mass is observed
 * Information of posterior mediastinal mass can be provided in chest or [[spine]] [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] <ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |pmc=3579993 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Computed tomography|Chest CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hemoptysis]]
 * [[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
@@ Line 410: / Line 410: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Respiratory papillomatosis
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Solid or cavitated [[Pulmonary nodule|pulmonary nodules]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Nodules]] which involves mucosal surface observed in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="urlLaryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis: findings on computed tomography scans of the chest">{{cite web |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=s1806-37132008001200016&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en |title=Laryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis: findings on computed tomography scans of the chest |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Polypoidy|Polypoid lesions]] observed on [[bronchoscopy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Etiology: [[Human papillomavirus|HPV 6 and 11]]
 * [[Biopsy]] to determine the type of virus
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Tracheobronchomalacia
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * Forced expiration
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specifc
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Low [[Lung volumes|expiratory]] flow in flow volume loop
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Airway compression from  other structures
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Airway collpse observed in images at the end of [[inspiration]] in dynamic [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid11351189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aquino SL, Shepard JA, Ginns LC, Moore RH, Halpern E, Grillo HC, McLoud TC |title=Acquired tracheomalacia: detection by expiratory CT scan |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=394–9 |date= 2001 |pmid=11351189 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Airway collapse observed on [[bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid24960030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Majid A, Gaurav K, Sanchez JM, Berger RL, Folch E, Fernandez-Bussy S, Ernst A, Gangadharan SP |title=Evaluation of tracheobronchomalacia by dynamic flexible bronchoscopy. A pilot study |journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=951–5 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24960030 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201312-435BC |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Sputum]] retention
 * [[Barking cough]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Tracheal stenosis
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * Monophonic expiratory
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Lung volumes|FV]] loop variable
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Narrowing of the [[trachea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Extension of the narrowing observed in [[Computed tomography|CT]] or [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Narrowing of the [[trachea]] observed in [[bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid9720679">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altman KW, Wetmore RF, Mahboubi S |title=Comparison of endoscopy and radiographic fluoroscopy in the evaluation of pediatric congenital airway abnormalities |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=43–6 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9720679 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival<ref name="pmid16481247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiu PP, Rusan M, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Kim PC |title=Long-term outcomes of clinically significant vascular rings associated with congenital tracheal stenosis |journal=J. Pediatr. Surg. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=335–41 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16481247 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.034 |url=}}</ref>
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Tracheal and bronchial tumors
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * FV loop variable
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Narrowing of the [[trachea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Foca lesionsl, [[Polypoid cervical growth|polypoid]] ,and narrowing observed in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid28066620" />
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Biopsy]] obtained by [[bronchoscopy]]<ref name="pmid28066620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevic R, Milenkovic B |title=Tracheobronchial tumors |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3401–3413 |date=November 2016 |pmid=28066620 |pmc=5179373 |doi=10.21037/jtd.2016.11.24 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
 * Adenoid cystic carcinoma
@@ Line 509: / Line 509: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Vascular ring or aneurysm
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[D-dimer]]
 * Blood [[urea]]
 * Blood [[nitrogen]]
 * [[Anemia]] point acute loss blood
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Aorta|Aortic knob]] enlarged
 * Displacement to the [[trachea]] <ref name="pmid11715324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller WT |title=Thoracic aortic aneurysms: plain film findings |journal=Semin Roentgenol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=288–94 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11715324 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[ECG]] to rule out [[myocardial infarction]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] or [[Angiography|angiography MR]] to determine the aortic diameter or any change
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Usually [[asymptomatic]]
 * Chest or abdominal pain appears when other structures are compressed
@@ Line 538: / Line 538: @@
 | rowspan="9" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Lower airway obstruction
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Bronchiectasis
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
 * [[Shortness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Neutrophilia]]
 * Levels of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]
 * [[Sputum culture]] for [[fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[mycobacteria]]<ref name="pmid28889110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, Murris M, Cantón R, Torres A, Dimakou K, De Soyza A, Hill AT, Haworth CS, Vendrell M, Ringshausen FC, Subotic D, Wilson R, Vilaró J, Stallberg B, Welte T, Rohde G, Blasi F, Elborn S, Almagro M, Timothy A, Ruddy T, Tonia T, Rigau D, Chalmers JD |title=European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages= |date=September 2017 |pmid=28889110 |doi=10.1183/13993003.00629-2017 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 ** [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
 ** Normal [[FVC]]
 ** Low levels of [[FEV1]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Linar [[atelectasis]]
 * Dilated [[airways]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Tram lines or end-on ring shadows in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid26024063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Milliron B, Henry TS, Veeraraghavan S, Little BP |title=Bronchiectasis: Mechanisms and Imaging Clues of Associated Common and Uncommon Diseases |journal=Radiographics |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1011–30 |date= 2015 |pmid=26024063 |doi=10.1148/rg.2015140214 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hemoptysis]]
 * Chest [[pleuritic pain]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Bronchiolitis
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |.
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |.
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
 * Increased respiratory rate
-|For bacterial infection in neonates:
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |For bacterial infection in neonates:
 * [[CBC]]
 * [[Urinalysis]]
 * [[Urine culture]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 ** Normal function or obstructive changes ([[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]]<70%)
 ** Air trapping in [[Lung volumes]]
 ** Reduced [[DLCO|Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide]] ( [[DLCO]]) <ref name="pmid20371529" />
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Hyperinflation
 * Mosaic attenuation
 * Increased bronchial wall<ref name="pmid20371529">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devakonda A, Raoof S, Sung A, Travis WD, Naidich D |title=Bronchiolar disorders: a clinical-radiological diagnostic algorithm |journal=Chest |volume=137 |issue=4 |pages=938–51 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20371529 |doi=10.1378/chest.09-0800 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Bronchoscopy to rule out other diseases
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Etiology: [[Respiratory syncytial virus]]'', [[Rhinovirus]]''
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Carcinoid syndrome
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Shortness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Twenty four hour urine for [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5-HIAA]]
 * Urinary excretion of [[serotonin]]
 * High levels of [[Chromogranin|chromogranin concentration]] <ref name="pmid27594907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP |title=Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence |journal=Ecancermedicalscience |volume=10 |issue= |pages=662 |date= 2016 |pmid=27594907 |pmc=4990058 |doi=10.3332/ecancer.2016.662 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Enlargement of the heart <ref name="pmid275949073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP |title=Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence |journal=Ecancermedicalscience |volume=10 |issue= |pages=662 |date= 2016 |pmid=27594907 |pmc=4990058 |doi=10.3332/ecancer.2016.662 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Carcinoid tumors of [[jejunum]], [[appendix]] and [[colon]] are oberved in abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT]]
 * Liver metastases are visualized in [[MRI]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Abdominal and pelvic [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid27594907" />
 |
@@ Line 626: / Line 626: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Heart failure
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
 * [[Leg edema]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]] and [[Serum creatinine|serum creatinin]] concentration to evaluate [[renal function]]
 * [[Liver function tests]]
 * Fasting [[lipid profile]]<ref name="pmid23741057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=128 |issue=16 |pages=1810–52 |date=October 2013 |pmid=23741057 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8807 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Pleural effusion]]
 * [[Pulmonary edema]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 ** [[ST]] and [[T wave|T waves]] abnormalities in [[ECG]]
 ** [[Oxygen saturation|SaO2]] <90%<ref name="pmid20937981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weintraub NL, Collins SP, Pang PS, Levy PD, Anderson AS, Arslanian-Engoren C, Gibler WB, McCord JK, Parshall MB, Francis GS, Gheorghiade M |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: emergency department presentation, treatment, and disposition: current approaches and future aims: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=19 |pages=1975–96 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20937981 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181f9a223 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis (test are supportive)
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * High levels of [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] and pro-BNP<ref name="pmid15477431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, Dobson AJ |title=A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=18 |pages=1978–84 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477431 |doi=10.1001/archinte.164.18.1978 |url=}}</ref>
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) <ref name="pmid17099078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM, Wells AU, du Bois RM, Burke MM, Sheppard MN, Nicholson AG |title=Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: an under-recognised spectrum of disease |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=248–52 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17099078 |pmc=2117154 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.063065 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Shortness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
 * Normal [[FVC]]
 * Low levels of [[FEV1]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Pulmonary [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Mosaic pattern and [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Hyperplasia showed in  [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Single [[neuroendocrine cell]] and/ or linear proliferation of the cells that involves bronchial epithelium
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hypoxemia]] in [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood gases]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[PaO2]]/[[FiO2]] <300 mmHg
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Bilateral alveolar infiltration
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Bilateral opacities in [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 According to Berlin definition:<ref name="pmid22797452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, Camporota L, Slutsky AS |title=Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition |journal=JAMA |volume=307 |issue=23 |pages=2526–33 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22797452 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.5669 |url=}}</ref>
 * One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult
@@ Line 702: / Line 702: @@
 * Bilateral opacities in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
 * Compromised [[oxygenation]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * High altitute pulmonary edema ([[HAPE]])
 * Neurogenic pulmonary edema
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rales]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Leukocytosis]]
 * [[Eosinophilia]]
 * Toxocara antigens detected in ELISA
 * [[Hypergammaglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid20149289">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rubinsky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto JH, Ferreira MU |title=Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms |journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=3–23 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20149289 |doi=10.1179/136485910X12607012373957 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Bilateral peribronchial infiltration
 * Parenchymal infiltration
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Subpleural nodules, ground-glass opacities observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid16714661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Okafuji T, Hatakenaka M, Honda H |title=Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=186 |issue=6 |pages=1697–702 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16714661 |doi=10.2214/AJR.04.1507 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Larve on biopsy
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Eosinophilia]] detected in [[bronchoalveolar lavage]]
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Pulmonary thromboembolism
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute, subacute, Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, subacute, Chronic
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Tachypnea]]
 * Decreased [[breath sounds]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Leukocytosis]]
 * Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|erythrocyte sedimentation]]
@@ Line 751: / Line 751: @@
 * [[D-dimer]] to rule out other diseases
 * [[Troponin]] [[Troponin I|I]] or [[Troponin T|T]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Hamptom and Westermark sign in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]] <ref name="pmid18716087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pipavath SN, Godwin JD |title=Acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a historical perspective |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=3 |pages=639–41 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18716087 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3989 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, Sostman HD |title=Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society |journal=Radiology |volume=245 |issue=2 |pages=315–29 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17848685 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2452070397 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685" />
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Most [[Embolic|emboli]] comes from [[iliac]], [[femoral]], and [[popliteal]] veins
 |-
 | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Tachypnea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * No required
 * [[Complete blood count]] to rule out other diseases
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70% <ref name="pmid4028848" />
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal or hyperinflation
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] to rule out other diseases
 |Clinical diagnosis:
@@ Line 785: / Line 785: @@
 * Acute onset with sympotoms in 24h
 * Airway obstruction > 3 months<ref name="pmid4028848">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL |title=Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures |journal=Chest |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=376–84 |date=September 1985 |pmid=4028848 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Burning sensation in the throat
 * [[Chest pain]]

Wheeze differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:19, 27 February 2018

References

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