Cyanosis pathophysiology

Cyanosis Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

• Cyanosis occurs due to following mechanisms:
  • Systemic arterial oxygen desaturation
  • Increased oxygen extraction by the tissues
• Based on these mechanisms cyanosis can be either central or peripheral.
• Central cyanosis:
  • Caused by reduced arterial oxygen saturation or presence of abnormal hemoglobin derivatives (methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin).
  • The increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin is the result of either increased amount of venous admixture or reduced capillary arterial oxygen tension.
  • Central cyanosis is obvious when the systemic arterial deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the blood exceeds 5 g/dL (oxygen saturation ≤85 percent).
• Peripheral cyanosis:
  • In peripheral cyanosis, systemic arterial oxygen saturation is normal.
  • Increased oxygen extraction by tissues causes wide systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference and increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds in the setting of peripheral vasoconstriction.
  • The increased oxygen extraction by tissues results from the sluggish movement of blood through the capillary circulation.

• The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

• It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
• [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
• Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
• [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
• The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
• The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

• [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
• Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
• The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.

Gross Pathology

• On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].