Wheeze differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:55, 6 March 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karina Zavaleta, MD [2]

Differential diagnosis of Wheezing

Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam			Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Extrathoracic upper airway diseases	Laryngeal edema (Anaphylaxis)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]	Acute	-		-	✔	✔	-	Hoarseness Stridor	High levels of serum tryptase Increased levels of plasma histamine Skin allergy test	Not specific	Not required	Not required	Acute onset with one of them: Respiratory compromise Reduced blood pressure (BP) Two or more after the exposure to a likely allergen Respiratory compromise Reduced BP Gastrointestinal symptoms Skin-mucosal involvement BP reduced after exposure of a known allergen Adult BP systolic <90 mmHg Children: Low systolic BP	Nasal discharge, altered mental status, redness and hives of the skin Common allergens: Food, insect sting, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
	Cricoarytenoid arthritis^[6]^[7]	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Test for rheumatoid arthritis	Forced inspiratory flowdecreased Forced expiratory flowdecreased	Clear chest	Hyperdense intra-articular sclerotic cricoid and arytenoid cartilages in CT^[8]	Direct laryngoscopy	Cartilage erosion can lead on joint luxation and immobilization of the cord^[8]
	Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis^[9]	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Short breathing	Not specific	Variable	Clear chest	Not required	Laryngoscopy	Associated with neck surgery
	Paradoxical vocal fold motion^[10]^[11]	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Inspiratory stridor	Hypercapnia in arterial blood gases when distress is severe	Forced inspiratory flow decrease but normal between episodes^[12]	Clear chest	CT and color flow doppler to rule out other diseases^[13]	Abnormal adduction of vocal fold visualized in laryngoscopy	Throat tightness, choking sensation Associated with exercise, asthma, post-extubation, etc.^[14]
	Laryngeal stenosis^[15]	Acute, Chronic	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	-	Glottic or supraglottic: Inspiratory stridor Glottis through trachea: biphasic stridor	Not specific	FV loop variable	Clear chest	Stenosis visualized in neck x-ray	Palpation of arytenoid for passive mobility and laryngoscopy^[16]	History of neck trauma or intubation
	Laryngocele^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Inspiratory stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Normal function	Clear chest	Cyst with liquid or air content on ultrasound, radiography or CT	Smooth swelling visualized in laryngoscopy^[20]	Dysphagia, laryngeal discomfort Usually asymptomatic
	Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]	Acute	-	✔	✔	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Leukocytosis Epiglottal culture	Normal function	Clear chest	More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend hypopharynx in neck x-ray	An edematous epiglottis is visualized on laryngoscopy^[22]	Tripod posture Drooling Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
	Goiter^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Thyroid function tests: TSH, T3, and T4 Thyroid peroxide antibodies :TPO	Airflow limitation of the volume loop depending on the size and localization^[35]	Substernal goiter causes a deviation of the trachea	CT can be performed to visualize the cervical and substernal goiter and its extention^[36]	Physical examination	Iodine deficiency is the most common cause^[37]
	Postnasal drip syndrome^[38]^[39]^[40]	Acute	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor	Elevated eosinophils Increase of IgE Positive intradermic test^[41]	Normal response to bronchoprovocation Variable FV loop	Clear chest	Sinus CT may be helpful	Clinical diagnosis	Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea
	Relapsing polychondritis ^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]	Acute	✔	✔	✔	-	-	-	Hoarseness Aphonia Inspiratory stridor	Leukocytosis or thrombocytosis Positive antinuclear antibodies ( ANA) and ANCA	Variable flow volume loop	Tracheal narrowing Cartilaginous calcification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing is observed on CT MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Cartilaginous calicification, bronchial wall thickness and tracheal narrowing observed in CT ^[49] MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Mc Adam criteria:^[47] Ear bilateral chondritis Seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis Respiratory tract chondritis Coclear or vestibular dysfunction Ocular inflamation	Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
	Retropharyngeal abscess^[50]^[51]^[52]	Subacute	-	✔	✔	✔	-	-	Stridor Tachypnea	Leukocytosis Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures may be helpful^[53]	Normal function	Lateral chest x-ray to determine the extension of the abscess	Increased vertebral space in lateral neck x-ray Cervical lordosis and gas collection in retropharyngeal space in neck CT with intravenous contrast	Neck CT or presence of pus during the surgical procedure^[54]	Pain with neck extension Dysphagia Head in sniffing position
	Tonsillar hypertrophy^[55]	Acute, chronic	-	✔	-	✔ hyponasal speech	-	-	Stridor	Not specific	Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing	Clear chest	Not required	Direct visualization of enlarged tonsils in oropharyngeal exam^[56]	More in children and adolescents
	Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea^[57]^[58]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing	Not required	CT provide information about the grade of invasion MRI can make a difference between tumors in the mucosa or bone marrow^[59]	Fine needle aspiration biopsy	Risk factor: Tobacco and HPV infections
Central airway diseases (Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)	Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy^[60]^[61]	Chronic	✔	✔	✔	-	-	-	Stridor Hoarseness	Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in thymic tumors High levels of AFP and beta-hCG present in germ cell tumors Increased lactate dehydrogenase in seminomas	Expiratory flow rate decreased^[62]	Size, location, and density of the mass can be observed	In chest CT, location, size, tissue characteristic, and relationship with other structures of the mass is observed Information of posterior mediastinal mass can be provided in chest or spine MRI ^[63]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Superior vena cava syndrome Surgical resection
	Respiratory papillomatosis^[64]^[65]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Not specific	Not specific	Solid or cavitated pulmonary nodules	Nodules which involves mucosal surface observed in CT^[66]	Polypoid lesions observed on bronchoscopy	Etiology: HPV 6 and 11 Biopsy to determine the type of virus
	Tracheobronchomalacia^[67]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Stridor Forced expiration	Not specifc	Low expiratory flow in flow volume loop	Airway compression from other structures	Airway collpse observed in images at the end of inspiration in dynamic CT^[68]	Airway collapse observed on bronchoscopy^[69]	Sputum retention Barking cough
	Tracheal stenosis^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]	Acute	-	✔	-	-	✔	-	Stridor Monophonic expiratory	Not specific	FV loop variable	Narrowing of the trachea	Extension of the narrowing observed in CT or MRI	Narrowing of the trachea observed in bronchoscopy^[74]	Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival^[75]
	Tracheal and bronchial tumors^[76]^[77]^[78]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Hoarseness	Not specific	FV loop variable	Narrowing of the trachea	Foca lesions, polypoid, and narrowing observed in CT^[79]	Biopsy obtained by bronchoscopy^[79]	Squamous cell carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Benign tumors
	Vascular ring or aneurysm^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Hoarseness	D-dimer, Blood urea, Blood nitrogen, and CBC may be helpful	Not required	Aortic knob enlarged Displacement to the trachea ^[86]	ECG to rule out myocardial infarction	CT or angiography MR to determine the aortic diameter or any change	Usually asymptomatic Chest or abdominal pain appears when other structures are compressed
Lower airway obstruction	Bronchiectasis^[87]^[88]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	✔	Crackles Shortness of breath	Neutrophilia Levels of IgM, IgG and IgA Sputum culture for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria^[89]	FEV1/FVC < 70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	Linar atelectasis Dilated airways	Tram lines or end-on ring shadows in chest CT ^[90]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Chest pleuritic pain
	Bronchiolitis^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]^[95]	Acute	✔	✔	✔	-	✔	-	Crackles Increased respiratory rate	For bacterial infection in neonates: CBC Urinalysis Urine culture	Normal function or obstructive changes (FEV1/FVC < 70%) Air trapping in Lung volumes Reduced diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide ( DLCO) ^[96]	Hyperinflation Mosaic attenuation Increased bronchial wall^[96]	Bronchoscopy to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus, Rhinovirus
	Carcinoid syndrome	Chronic	-	✔	-	-	-	-	Shortness of breath	Twenty four hour urine for 5-HIAA Urinary excretion of serotonin High levels of chromogranin concentration ^[97]	Not specific	Enlargement of the heart ^[98]	Carcinoid tumors of jejunum, appendix and colon are oberved in abdominal CT Liver metastases are visualized in MRI	Abdominal and pelvic CT^[97]	Flushing Diarrhea
	Heart failure	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Crackles Leg edema	BUN and serum creatinin concentration to evaluate renal function Liver function tests Fasting lipid profile^[99]	Not required	Pleural effusion Pulmonary edema	ST and T waves abnormalities in ECG SaO2 < 90%^[100]	Clinical diagnosis (test are supportive)	High levels of BNP and pro-BNP^[101]
	Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) ^[102]	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Shortness of breath	Not specific	FEV1/FVC < 70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	Pulmonary nodules	Mosaic pattern and nodules observed in chest CT	Hyperplasia showed in biopsy	Single neuroendocrine cell and/ or linear proliferation of the cells that involves bronchial epithelium
	Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema	Acute	✔	✔	-	-	✔	-	Crackles	Hypoxemia in arterial blood gases	PaO2/FiO2 <300 mmHg	Bilateral alveolar infiltration	Bilateral opacities in CT	According to Berlin definition:^[103] One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult Symptoms can not be explain by cardiac disease Bilateral opacities in chest X-Ray or CT Compromised oxygenation	High altitute pulmonary edema (HAPE) Neurogenic pulmonary edema
	Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)	Acute	✔	✔	✔	-	-	-	Rales	Leukocytosis Eosinophilia Toxocara antigens detected in ELISA Hypergammaglobulinemia^[104]	Not specific	Bilateral peribronchial infiltration Parenchymal infiltration	Subpleural nodules, ground-glass opacities observed on chest CT ^[105]	Larve on biopsy	Eosinophilia detected in bronchoalveolar lavage
	Pulmonary thromboembolism	Acute, subacute, Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Tachypnea Decreased breath sounds	Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation High levels of lactic acid in complete blood count Hypoxemia in arterial blood gas^[106] D-dimer to rule out other diseases Troponin I or T	Not required	Hamptom and Westermark sign in chest X-Ray ^[107]	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[108]	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[108]	Most emboli comes from iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins
	Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome	Acute	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Tachypnea	No required Complete blood count to rule out other diseases	FEV1/FVC < 70% ^[109]	Normal or hyperinflation	CT to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis: History of exposure Acute onset with sympotoms in 24h Airway obstruction > 3 months^[109]	Burning sensation in the throat Chest pain High dose of inhalation of the irritant

References

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@@ Line 309: / Line 309: @@
 * Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Retropharyngeal abscess'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Retropharyngeal abscess'''<ref name="pmid18312875">{{cite journal |vauthors=Page NC, Bauer EM, Lieu JE |title=Clinical features and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess in children |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=300–6 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18312875 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12777558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Craig FW, Schunk JE |title=Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management |journal=Pediatrics |volume=111 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=1394–8 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12777558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12479720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cmejrek RC, Coticchia JM, Arnold JE |title=Presentation, diagnosis, and management of deep-neck abscesses in infants |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=128 |issue=12 |pages=1361–4 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12479720 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Subacute
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 337: / Line 337: @@
 * Head in sniffing position
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tonsillar hypertrophy'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tonsillar hypertrophy'''<ref name="pmid20131382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaditis AG, Kalampouka E, Hatzinikolaou S, Lianou L, Papaefthimiou M, Gartagani-Panagiotopoulou P, Zintzaras E, Chrousos G |title=Associations of tonsillar hypertrophy and snoring with history of wheezing in childhood |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=275–80 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20131382 |doi=10.1002/ppul.21174 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 360: / Line 360: @@
 * More in children and adolescents
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea'''<ref name="pmid23328541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradley PT, Bradley PJ |title=Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma: fact or fiction? |journal=Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=118–23 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23328541 |doi=10.1097/MOO.0b013e32835cebde |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6537892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverman S, Gorsky M, Lozada F |title=Oral leukoplakia and malignant transformation. A follow-up study of 257 patients |journal=Cancer |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=563–8 |date=February 1984 |pmid=6537892 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 387: / Line 387: @@
 | rowspan="6" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Central airway diseases'''
 '''(Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)'''
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy'''<ref name="pmid22173664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawahara K, Miyawaki M, Anami K, Moroga T, Yamamoto S, Tokuishi K, Yamashita S, Kumamoto T |title=A patient with mediastinal mature teratoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=258–9 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22173664 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318236eade |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20975383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stover DG, Eisenberg R, Johnson DH |title=Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a young woman with a mature mediastinal teratoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1872–3 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20975383 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181eba81d |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 416: / Line 416: @@
 * [[Surgical resection]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Respiratory papillomatosis'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Respiratory papillomatosis'''<ref name="pmid18496162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Derkay CS, Wiatrak B |title=Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=118 |issue=7 |pages=1236–47 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18496162 |doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23013073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yuan H, Myers S, Wang J, Zhou D, Woo JA, Kallakury B, Ju A, Bazylewicz M, Carter YM, Albanese C, Grant N, Shad A, Dritschilo A, Liu X, Schlegel R |title=Use of reprogrammed cells to identify therapy for respiratory papillomatosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=367 |issue=13 |pages=1220–7 |date=September 2012 |pmid=23013073 |pmc=4030597 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1203055 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 441: / Line 441: @@
 * [[Biopsy]] to determine the type of virus
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheobronchomalacia'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheobronchomalacia'''<ref name="pmid16771908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murgu SD, Colt HG |title=Tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse |journal=Respirology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=388–406 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16771908 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00862.x |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 466: / Line 466: @@
 * [[Barking cough]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheal stenosis'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid15187010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, Mehta AC |title=Central airway obstruction |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=169 |issue=12 |pages=1278–97 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187010 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200210-1181SO |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11866017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, Becker HD, Cavaliere S, Colt H, Diaz-Jimenez JP, Dumon JF, Edell E, Kovitz KL, Macha HN, Mehta AC, Marel M, Noppen M, Strausz J, Sutedja TG |title=ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=356–73 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11866017 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12740291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D |title=Interventional pulmonary procedures: Guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians |journal=Chest |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=1693–717 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12740291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10649204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stephens KE, Wood DE |title=Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=289–96 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10649204 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5223(00)70184-X |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
@@ Line 490: / Line 490: @@
 * Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival<ref name="pmid16481247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiu PP, Rusan M, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Kim PC |title=Long-term outcomes of clinically significant vascular rings associated with congenital tracheal stenosis |journal=J. Pediatr. Surg. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=335–41 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16481247 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.034 |url=}}</ref>
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheal and bronchial tumors'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheal and bronchial tumors'''<ref name="pmid24295654">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brand-Saberi BE, Schäfer T |title=Trachea: anatomy and physiology |journal=Thorac Surg Clin |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24295654 |doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.09.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25978628">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sherani K, Vakil A, Dodhia C, Fein A |title=Malignant tracheal tumors: a review of current diagnostic and management strategies |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=322–6 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978628 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000181 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24034267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CC, Shepard JA |title=Tracheal and airway neoplasms |journal=Semin Roentgenol |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=354–64 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24034267 |doi=10.1053/j.ro.2013.03.018 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 515: / Line 515: @@
 * [[Benign tumors]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Vascular ring or aneurysm'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Vascular ring or aneurysm'''<ref name="pmid25604054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Licari A, Manca E, Rispoli GA, Mannarino S, Pelizzo G, Marseglia GL |title=Congenital vascular rings: a clinical challenge for the pediatrician |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=511–24 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25604054 |doi=10.1002/ppul.23152 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17034866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah RK, Mora BN, Bacha E, Sena LM, Buonomo C, Del Nido P, Rahbar R |title=The presentation and management of vascular rings: an otolaryngology perspective |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17034866 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.08.025 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16585275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Humphrey C, Duncan K, Fletcher S |title=Decade of experience with vascular rings at a single institution |journal=Pediatrics |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=e903–8 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16585275 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11515879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woods RK, Sharp RJ, Holcomb GW, Snyder CL, Lofland GK, Ashcraft KW, Holder TM |title=Vascular anomalies and tracheoesophageal compression: a single institution's 25-year experience |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=434–8; discussion 438–9 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11515879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15942575">{{cite journal |vauthors=Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Rigsby CK, Holinger LD |title=Trends in vascular ring surgery |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1339–47 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15942575 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.044 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15666159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner A, Gavel G, Coutts J |title=Vascular rings--presentation, investigation and outcome |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=266–70 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15666159 |doi=10.1007/s00431-004-1607-6 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 544: / Line 544: @@
 |-
 | rowspan="9" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Lower airway obstruction
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Bronchiectasis'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Bronchiectasis'''<ref name="pmid16650970">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20627931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT |title=British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis |journal=Thorax |volume=65 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=i1–58 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20627931 |doi=10.1136/thx.2010.136119 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
@@ Line 574: / Line 574: @@
 * Chest [[pleuritic pain]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Bronchiolitis'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Bronchiolitis'''<ref name="pmid11512084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infections in previously healthy working adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=792–6 |date=September 2001 |pmid=11512084 |doi=10.1086/322657 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glezen WP, Taber LH, Frank AL, Kasel JA |title=Risk of primary infection and reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus |journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=543–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706232 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10885982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falsey AR, Walsh EE |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=371–84 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10885982 |pmc=88938 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16007526">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Shea MK, Ryan MA, Hawksworth AW, Alsip BJ, Gray GC |title=Symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in previously healthy young adults living in a crowded military environment |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=311–7 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16007526 |doi=10.1086/431591 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7836643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wald TG, Miller BA, Shult P, Drinka P, Langer L, Gravenstein S |title=Can respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A be distinguished clinically in institutionalized older persons? |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=170–4 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7836643 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔

Wheeze differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:55, 6 March 2018

Differential diagnosis of Wheezing

References

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