Respiratory failure pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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The pathogenesis of respiratory failure is as follows:<ref name="pmid14621112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roussos C, Koutsoukou A |title=Respiratory failure |journal=Eur Respir J Suppl |volume=47 |issue= |pages=3s–14s |date=November 2003 |pmid=14621112 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | The pathogenesis of respiratory failure is as follows:<ref name="pmid14621112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roussos C, Koutsoukou A |title=Respiratory failure |journal=Eur Respir J Suppl |volume=47 |issue= |pages=3s–14s |date=November 2003 |pmid=14621112 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The respiratory system is formed by 2 parts: | *The respiratory system is formed by 2 parts: | ||
**The gas exchanging organ, the lung | **The gas exchanging organ, the [[lung]] | ||
**The pump that ventilates the lungs, the pump consists of: | **The [[pump]] that ventilates the [[lungs]], the [[pump]] consists of: | ||
***Chest wall, the respiratory muscles | ***[[Chest wall]], the respiratory muscles | ||
***The respiratory control system in the central nervous system (CNS) | ***The respiratory control system in the [[central nervous system]] ([[CNS]]) | ||
***The spinal and peripheral pathways that connect the CNS control system with the respiratory muscles | ***The spinal and peripheral pathways that connect the [[CNS]] control system with the respiratory muscles | ||
*The respiratory system has 2 main functions oxygenation of mixed venous blood and elimination of carbon dioxide. | *The respiratory system has 2 main functions [[oxygenation]] of mixed [[venous]] [[blood]] and elimination of [[carbon dioxide]]. | ||
*Respiratory failure is a condition where there is loss of one or both of the functions of the respiratory system resulting in inadequate gas exchange. | *Respiratory failure is a condition where there is loss of one or both of the functions of the respiratory system resulting in inadequate [[gas exchange]]. | ||
*Respiratory failure is defined as: | *Respiratory failure is defined as: | ||
**Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) < 60 mmHg | **[[Arterial]] [[oxygen]] tension ([[PaO2]]) < 60 mmHg | ||
**Arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) > 45 mmHg | **[[Arterial]] [[carbon dioxide]] ([[PaCO2]]) > 45 mmHg | ||
*Respiratory failure can be caused by lung failure or pump failure. | *Respiratory failure can be caused by [[lung failure]] or [[pump failure]]. | ||
*Lung failure, which is gas exchange failure resulting in hypoxemia (<PaO2). | *[[Lung failure]], which is [[gas exchange]] failure resulting in [[hypoxemia]] (<[[PaO2]]). | ||
*Pump failure, which is ventilatory failure resulting in alveolar hypoventilation which in turn results in hypercapnia (>PaCO2). | *[[Pump failure]], which is ventilatory failure resulting in [[alveolar]] [[hypoventilation]] which in turn results in [[hypercapnia]] (>[[PaCO2]]). | ||
*Hypercapnic respiratory failure can be caused by: | *Hypercapnic respiratory failure can be caused by: | ||
**Mechanical defects | **Mechanical defects | ||
**Central nervous system depression | **[[Central nervous system]] depression | ||
**Imbalance of energy demands and supplies | **Imbalance of energy demands and supplies | ||
**Adaptation of central controllers | **Adaptation of central controllers | ||
**Neuromuscular transmission impairment | **[[Neuromuscular transmission]] impairment | ||
**Mechanical defect of the rib cage | **Mechanical defect of the [[rib cage]] | ||
**Fatigue of respiratory muscles | **Fatigue of respiratory muscles | ||
*Lung failure and pump failure can coexist in the same patient in cases of: | *Lung failure and [[pump failure]] can coexist in the same patient in cases of: | ||
**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with carbon dioxide retention | **[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]] with [[carbon dioxide]] retention | ||
**Severe pulmonary edema | **Severe [[pulmonary edema]] | ||
**Asthmatic crisis | **[[Asthmatic]] crisis | ||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
Revision as of 20:25, 7 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of respiratory failure is as follows:[1]
- The respiratory system is formed by 2 parts:
- The gas exchanging organ, the lung
- The pump that ventilates the lungs, the pump consists of:
- Chest wall, the respiratory muscles
- The respiratory control system in the central nervous system (CNS)
- The spinal and peripheral pathways that connect the CNS control system with the respiratory muscles
- The respiratory system has 2 main functions oxygenation of mixed venous blood and elimination of carbon dioxide.
- Respiratory failure is a condition where there is loss of one or both of the functions of the respiratory system resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- Respiratory failure is defined as:
- Respiratory failure can be caused by lung failure or pump failure.
- Lung failure, which is gas exchange failure resulting in hypoxemia (<PaO2).
- Pump failure, which is ventilatory failure resulting in alveolar hypoventilation which in turn results in hypercapnia (>PaCO2).
- Hypercapnic respiratory failure can be caused by:
- Mechanical defects
- Central nervous system depression
- Imbalance of energy demands and supplies
- Adaptation of central controllers
- Neuromuscular transmission impairment
- Mechanical defect of the rib cage
- Fatigue of respiratory muscles
- Lung failure and pump failure can coexist in the same patient in cases of:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with carbon dioxide retention
- Severe pulmonary edema
- Asthmatic crisis
Genetics
- [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
- Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
- The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].