Respiratory failure overview: Difference between revisions
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*Common risk factors in the development of respiratory failure include smoking, alcohol abuse, COPD exacerbation, obesity. | |||
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Revision as of 21:29, 19 March 2018
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Respiratory failure Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Respiratory failure overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Respiratory failure overview |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Respiratory failure overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
The diagnostic and treatment strategies for respiratory failure and it's associated conditions have come a long way. Since the discovery of the stethoscope by René Laennec in 1816, to the work of Fenn and his team in 1946 on pulmonary gas exchange, the use of cuffed endotracheal tubes by Ibsen in 1954 to administer positive pressure ventilation to patients in respiratory failure who were admitted to the intensive care units, that became common in the United States in 1960.
Classification
Respiratory failure may be classified into several subtypes as follows; Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV.
Pathophysiology
Causes
Common causes of respiratory failure include pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atelectasis, asthma, COPD, neuromuscular and chest wall disorders, inadequate post-operative analgesia, smoking, obesity and shock. Life-threatening causes of respiratory failure include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute on chronic respiratory failure, pulmonary infection, pulmonary embolism, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia and lung cancer.
Differentiating Respiratory Failure from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of respiratory failure is approximately 137.1 per 100,000 individuals in the United States and the mortality rate is approximately 29%-42%. The incidence is higher among patients ≥ 65 years of age and the mortality rate is higher among African-Americans and Hispanics compared to Caucasians. Men and women are equally affected.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of respiratory failure include smoking, alcohol abuse, COPD exacerbation, obesity.