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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category: Medicine]]
[[Category: Up-To-Date]]
[[Category: Primary care]]
[[Category: Rheumatology]]
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[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
Latest revision as of 00:13, 30 July 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Abbreviations:
ABG= Arterial blood gas , ANA= Antinuclear antibody , ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide , ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody , BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide , CBC= Complete blood count , COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , CRP= C-reactive protein , CT= Computed tomography , CXR= Chest X-ray , DVT= Deep vein thrombosis , ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate , HRCT= High Resolution CT , IgE= Immunoglobulin E , LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase , PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure , PCR= Polymerase chain reaction , PFT= Pulmonary function test .
Diseases
Clinical manifestations
Para-clinical findings
Gold standard
Additional findings
Symptoms
Physical examination
Lab Findings
Imaging
Histopathology
Headache
Fever
Weight loss
Arthralgia
Claudication
Bruit
HTN
Focal neurological disorder
Biomarker
CBC
ESR
Other
CT scan
Angiography
Ultrasound/ Echocardiography
Other
Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis
Hepatitis C virus -associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis [1]
+/-
+/-
+
+
-
-
+
+/-
HCV RNA , Cryoglobulins
Leukocytosis , Anemia
↑
↓Serum C4 , Positive RF
Increased hepatic echogenicity
-
Hepatomegaly , Splenomegaly
Increased hepatic echogenicity in MRI
Vasculitic skin, Antigen infilteration in lesions
HCV RNA , Histological confirmation
Palpable purpura , Microscopic hematuria
Hematologic disease
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) [2]
+
+
+
+
+/-
-
-
+/-
CD5 , CD19 , CD20 , IgVH
Absolute lymphocytosis , Smudge cells
↑
Flow cytometry
Staging
-
-
-
Large atypical cells , cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes
Chromosomal and genetic testing
Easy bruising
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [3]
+
+
+
+
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
MYC , BCL2 , BCL6 , and TP53
Lymphocytosis , Anemia , Thrombocytopenia
↑
↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , Hypercalcemia
Enlarged lymph nodes , Hepatosplenomegaly , Filling defects in the liver and spleen
-
Hepatosplenomegaly
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern
Surgically excised tissue biopsy
Easy bruising , Testicular mass , Skin lesion
Systemic disease
Sarcoidosis [4]
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+/-
IL-2 and IFN-γ
Mild anemia
↑
↑ACE , ↑1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Active alveolitis or fibrosis
-
Hepatosplenomegaly
Bilateral hilar adenopathy
Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)
Histological confirmation
Heart block , Ocular lesion
Legionella Infection [5]
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+/-
Inflammatory cytokines
Leukocytosis with left shift , Thrombocytosis
↑
↑D-dimer , FDP , Hyponatremia
Pleural effusion
-
-
Nonspecific and indistinguishable CXR
Intra-alveolar inflammation , Microabscesses in the parenchyma
Sputum culture
Cough , Diarrhea
Systemic lupus erythematosus [6]
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
Anti dsDNA , ANA
Leukopenia , Lymphopenia , Anemia , Thrombocytopenia
↑
↑Cr or BUN ,
↑ALT or AST , Proteinuria
Interstitial lung disease, Pneumonitis , Pulmonary emboli , Alveolar hemorrhage
Aneurysms
Pericardial effusion , pulmonary hypertension , or verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis in echocardiography
Central nervous system (CNS) lupus white-matter changes in MRI
Staging lupus nephritis
Anti-dsDNA antibody test
Skin rashes or photosensitivity
Relapsing polychondritis [7]
-
+/-
+/-
+
+
-
-
-
-
Leukocytosis , Anemia
-
Cryoglobulins , ANA , C-ANCA
Calcification of cartilaginous structures
Aortic root dilatation
Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography
Tracheal stenosis in CXR
Chondrolysis, Chondritis , Perichondritis
Clinical findings coupled with imaging
Ear pain and redness, Polyarthritis
References
↑ Guo QY, Wu M, Wang YW, Sun GD (2017). "Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis treated with prednisolone and interferon: A case report" . Exp Ther Med . 14 (2): 1395–1398. doi :10.3892/etm.2017.4671 . PMC 5525644 . PMID 28810602 .
↑ Byrd JC, Stilgenbauer S, Flinn IW (2004). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program : 163–83. doi :10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.163 . PMID 15561682 .
↑ Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW (September 2012). "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Lancet . 380 (9844): 848–57. doi :10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60605-9 . PMID 22835603 .
↑ Chiarchiaro J, Chen BB, Gibson KF (2016). "New molecular targets for the treatment of sarcoidosis" . Curr Opin Pulm Med . 22 (5): 515–21. doi :10.1097/MCP.0000000000000304 . PMC 5152532 . PMID 27454074 .
↑ Murdoch DR (January 2003). "Diagnosis of Legionella infection". Clin. Infect. Dis . 36 (1): 64–9. doi :10.1086/345529 . PMID 12491204 .
↑ Tsokos, George C. (2011). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". New England Journal of Medicine . 365 (22): 2110–2121. doi :10.1056/NEJMra1100359 . ISSN 0028-4793 .
↑ Emmungil H, Aydın SZ (2015). "Relapsing polychondritis" . Eur J Rheumatol . 2 (4): 155–159. doi :10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0036 . PMC 5047229 . PMID 27708954 .
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