Parkinson's disease medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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* Monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitors: [[MAO inhibitors|MAO B inhibitors]] such as [[selegiline]], [[rasagiline]] and safinamide are proved to be helpful in managing motor symptoms of [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] patients.<ref name="pmid8959990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olanow CW |title=Selegiline: current perspectives on issues related to neuroprotection and mortality |journal=Neurology |volume=47 |issue=6 Suppl 3 |pages=S210–6 |date=December 1996 |pmid=8959990 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15477585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horn S, Stern MB |title=The comparative effects of medical therapies for Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue=7 Suppl 2 |pages=S7–12 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477585 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12470183">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: the TEMPO Study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=1937–43 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12470183 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15096406">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=A controlled, randomized, delayed-start study of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=561–6 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15096406 |doi=10.1001/archneur.61.4.561 |url=}}</ref> these drugs can cause [[nausea]] and [[headaches]].<ref name="pmid15477585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horn S, Stern MB |title=The comparative effects of medical therapies for Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue=7 Suppl 2 |pages=S7–12 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477585 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[Rasagiline]] can also cause impulse control disorders.<ref name="pmid23305965">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vitale C, Santangelo G, Erro R, Errico D, Manganelli F, Improta I, Moccia M, Barone P |title=Impulse control disorders induced by rasagiline as adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease: report of 2 cases |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=483–4 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23305965 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.008 |url=}}</ref> | * Monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitors: [[MAO inhibitors|MAO B inhibitors]] such as [[selegiline]], [[rasagiline]] and safinamide are proved to be helpful in managing motor symptoms of [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] patients.<ref name="pmid8959990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olanow CW |title=Selegiline: current perspectives on issues related to neuroprotection and mortality |journal=Neurology |volume=47 |issue=6 Suppl 3 |pages=S210–6 |date=December 1996 |pmid=8959990 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15477585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horn S, Stern MB |title=The comparative effects of medical therapies for Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue=7 Suppl 2 |pages=S7–12 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477585 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12470183">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: the TEMPO Study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=1937–43 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12470183 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15096406">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=A controlled, randomized, delayed-start study of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=561–6 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15096406 |doi=10.1001/archneur.61.4.561 |url=}}</ref> these drugs can cause [[nausea]] and [[headaches]].<ref name="pmid15477585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horn S, Stern MB |title=The comparative effects of medical therapies for Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue=7 Suppl 2 |pages=S7–12 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477585 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[Rasagiline]] can also cause impulse control disorders.<ref name="pmid23305965">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vitale C, Santangelo G, Erro R, Errico D, Manganelli F, Improta I, Moccia M, Barone P |title=Impulse control disorders induced by rasagiline as adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease: report of 2 cases |journal=Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=483–4 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23305965 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.008 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Anticholinergic agents: In [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] we have reduced amount of [[dopamine]] and excess amount of [[Cholinergic|cholinergic effects]], so [[anticholinergic]] drugs such as [[trihexyphenidyl]] and [[benztropine]] can reduce the [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[Parkinson's disease|PD]].<ref name="pmid4382112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duvoisin RC |title=Cholinergic-anticholinergic antagonism in parkinsonism |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=124–36 |date=August 1967 |pmid=4382112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12804486">{{cite journal |vauthors=Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, Lees A |title=Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson's disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD003735 |date=2003 |pmid=12804486 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003735 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6143611">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lang AE |title=Treatment of Parkinson's disease with agents other than levodopa and dopamine agonists: controversies and new approaches |journal=Can J Neurol Sci |volume=11 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=210–20 |date=February 1984 |pmid=6143611 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * Anticholinergic agents: In [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] we have reduced amount of [[dopamine]] and excess amount of [[Cholinergic|cholinergic effects]], so [[anticholinergic]] drugs such as [[trihexyphenidyl]] and [[benztropine]] can reduce the [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[Parkinson's disease|PD]].<ref name="pmid4382112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duvoisin RC |title=Cholinergic-anticholinergic antagonism in parkinsonism |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=124–36 |date=August 1967 |pmid=4382112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12804486">{{cite journal |vauthors=Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, Lees A |title=Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson's disease |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD003735 |date=2003 |pmid=12804486 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003735 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6143611">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lang AE |title=Treatment of Parkinson's disease with agents other than levodopa and dopamine agonists: controversies and new approaches |journal=Can J Neurol Sci |volume=11 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=210–20 |date=February 1984 |pmid=6143611 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Amantadine: [[Amantadine]], an [[Antiviral drugs|antiviral drug]] can improve [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] by increasing [[dopamine]] release, inhibition of [[dopamine]] reuptake, stimulation of [[Dopamine receptor|dopamine receptors]] and [[anticholinergic]] effect. | * Amantadine: [[Amantadine]], an [[Antiviral drugs|antiviral drug]] can improve [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] by increasing [[dopamine]] release, inhibition of [[dopamine]] reuptake, stimulation of [[Dopamine receptor|dopamine receptors]] and [[anticholinergic]] effect.<ref name="pmid4677928">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwab RS, Poskanzer DC, England AC, Young RR |title=Amantadine in Parkinson's disease. Review of more than two years' experience |journal=JAMA |volume=222 |issue=7 |pages=792–5 |date=November 1972 |pmid=4677928 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12211136">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Amantadine and other antiglutamate agents: management of Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=17 Suppl 4 |issue= |pages=S13–22 |date=2002 |pmid=12211136 |doi=10.1002/mds.5557 |url=}}</ref> Some studies showed that in controlling bardykinesia, this drug can be more effective than [[anticholinergic]] drugs.<ref name="pmid4838913">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parkes JD, Baxter RC, Marsden CD, Rees JE |title=Comparative trial of benzhexol, amantadine, and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=422–6 |date=April 1974 |pmid=4838913 |pmc=494673 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors: | * Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors: | ||
* Estrogen: | * Estrogen: | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Medical Therapy
The mainstay of therapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease are:
- Levodopa: This drug is the most effective in controlling motor symptoms in PD patients.[1][2] If we use levodopa alone, it will convert to dopamine in the peripheral circulation, so we combine it with a decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa to prevent this. The ratio of carbidopa_levodopa in tablets are 10/100, 25/100 or 25/250.[3][4] The adverse effects of this drug includes elevated serum homocysteine, low levels of vitamin B12, elevated methylmalonic acid and sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy.[5][6][7][8] It can also cause motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, cramps and dystonia.[9][10] One of the concerns regarding long term use of levodopa is that it may be increase the rate of dopamine neurons degeneration[11] but other studies demonstrated that it does not damage neurons.[12][13]
- Dopamine agonists: Dopamine agonist such as bromocriptine, pramipexole and ropinirole are proved to be effective in managing motor symptoms of PD patients.[14] At first, the use of dopamine agonist were limited t the condition where there is reduced levodopa response or when we had disturbing levodopa complications[15][16] but since dopamine agonists have fewer side effects, some experts suggest using these drugs as the first line therapy especially for PD patients under 60 years old.[17] The adverse effects of dopamine agonist are nausea, vomiting, sleep disorders, confusion, peripheral edema and valvular heart disease.[18][19]
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitors: MAO B inhibitors such as selegiline, rasagiline and safinamide are proved to be helpful in managing motor symptoms of PD patients.[20][21][22][23] these drugs can cause nausea and headaches.[21] Rasagiline can also cause impulse control disorders.[24]
- Anticholinergic agents: In PD we have reduced amount of dopamine and excess amount of cholinergic effects, so anticholinergic drugs such as trihexyphenidyl and benztropine can reduce the symptoms of PD.[25][26][27]
- Amantadine: Amantadine, an antiviral drug can improve PD symptoms by increasing dopamine release, inhibition of dopamine reuptake, stimulation of dopamine receptors and anticholinergic effect.[28][29] Some studies showed that in controlling bardykinesia, this drug can be more effective than anticholinergic drugs.[30]
- Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors:
- Estrogen:
- Other agents:
Treatment choices for some of the nonmotor symptoms of PD are:
- Psychosis:
- Dementia:
- Daytime sleepiness:
- Fatigue:
- Depression:
- Constipation:
- Sialorrhea:
- Rhinorrhea:
- Sexual dysfunction:
- Ortostatic hypotention:
References
- ↑ Connolly BS, Lang AE (2014). "Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review". JAMA. 311 (16): 1670–83. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3654. PMID 24756517.
- ↑ Ferreira JJ, Katzenschlager R, Bloem BR, Bonuccelli U, Burn D, Deuschl G, Dietrichs E, Fabbrini G, Friedman A, Kanovsky P, Kostic V, Nieuwboer A, Odin P, Poewe W, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Schüpbach M, Tolosa E, Trenkwalder C, Schapira A, Berardelli A, Oertel WH (January 2013). "Summary of the recommendations of the EFNS/MDS-ES review on therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease". Eur. J. Neurol. 20 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03866.x. PMID 23279439.
- ↑ "Parcopa: a rapidly dissolving formulation of carbidopa/levodopa". Med Lett Drugs Ther. 47 (1201): 12. January 2005. PMID 15706700.
- ↑ Ondo WG, Shinawi L, Moore S (December 2010). "Comparison of orally dissolving carbidopa/levodopa (Parcopa) to conventional oral carbidopa/levodopa: A single-dose, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, crossover trial". Mov. Disord. 25 (16): 2724–7. doi:10.1002/mds.23158. PMID 20925074.
- ↑ Toth C, Brown MS, Furtado S, Suchowersky O, Zochodne D (October 2008). "Neuropathy as a potential complication of levodopa use in Parkinson's disease". Mov. Disord. 23 (13): 1850–9. doi:10.1002/mds.22137. PMID 18785232.
- ↑ Toth C, Breithaupt K, Ge S, Duan Y, Terris JM, Thiessen A, Wiebe S, Zochodne DW, Suchowersky O (July 2010). "Levodopa, methylmalonic acid, and neuropathy in idiopathic Parkinson disease". Ann. Neurol. 68 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1002/ana.22021. PMID 20582991.
- ↑ Ceravolo R, Cossu G, Bandettini di Poggio M, Santoro L, Barone P, Zibetti M, Frosini D, Nicoletti V, Manganelli F, Iodice R, Picillo M, Merola A, Lopiano L, Paribello A, Manca D, Melis M, Marchese R, Borelli P, Mereu A, Contu P, Abbruzzese G, Bonuccelli U (September 2013). "Neuropathy and levodopa in Parkinson's disease: evidence from a multicenter study". Mov. Disord. 28 (10): 1391–7. doi:10.1002/mds.25585. PMID 23836370.
- ↑ Uncini A, Eleopra R, Onofrj M (May 2015). "Polyneuropathy associated with duodenal infusion of levodopa in Parkinson's disease: features, pathogenesis and management". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 86 (5): 490–5. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-308586. PMID 25168395.
- ↑ Calabresi P, Di Filippo M, Ghiglieri V, Tambasco N, Picconi B (November 2010). "Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease: filling the bench-to-bedside gap". Lancet Neurol. 9 (11): 1106–17. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70218-0. PMID 20880751.
- ↑ Aquino CC, Fox SH (January 2015). "Clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced complications". Mov. Disord. 30 (1): 80–9. doi:10.1002/mds.26125. PMID 25488260.
- ↑ Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, Albanese A, Bonuccelli U, Bonucelli U, Damier P, De Yebenes J, Gershanik O, Guttman M, Grandas F, Hallett M, Hornykiewicz O, Jenner P, Katzenschlager R, Langston WJ, LeWitt P, Melamed E, Mena MA, Michel PP, Mytilineou C, Obeso JA, Poewe W, Quinn N, Raisman-Vozari R, Rajput AH, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stocchi F (September 2004). "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current controversies". Mov. Disord. 19 (9): 997–1005. doi:10.1002/mds.20243. PMID 15372588.
- ↑ Rajput AH (2001). "The protective role of levodopa in the human substantia nigra". Adv Neurol. 86: 327–36. PMID 11553992.
- ↑ Parkkinen L, O'Sullivan SS, Kuoppamäki M, Collins C, Kallis C, Holton JL, Williams DR, Revesz T, Lees AJ (October 2011). "Does levodopa accelerate the pathologic process in Parkinson disease brain?". Neurology. 77 (15): 1420–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318232ab4c. PMID 21917769.
- ↑ Olanow CW, Watts RL, Koller WC (June 2001). "An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001): treatment guidelines". Neurology. 56 (11 Suppl 5): S1–S88. PMID 11402154.
- ↑ Fahn S (December 1996). "Is levodopa toxic?". Neurology. 47 (6 Suppl 3): S184–95. PMID 8959987.
- ↑ "International symposium on early dopamine agonist therapy of Parkinson's disease". Arch. Neurol. 45 (2): 204–8. February 1988. PMID 3341935.
- ↑ Marras C, Lang A (May 2008). "Invited article: changing concepts in Parkinson disease: moving beyond the decade of the brain". Neurology. 70 (21): 1996–2003. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000312515.52545.51. PMID 18490620.
- ↑ Stowe RL, Ives NJ, Clarke C, van Hilten J, Ferreira J, Hawker RJ, Shah L, Wheatley K, Gray R (April 2008). "Dopamine agonist therapy in early Parkinson's disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD006564. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006564.pub2. PMID 18425954.
- ↑ Roth BL (January 2007). "Drugs and valvular heart disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (1): 6–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068265. PMID 17202450.
- ↑ Olanow CW (December 1996). "Selegiline: current perspectives on issues related to neuroprotection and mortality". Neurology. 47 (6 Suppl 3): S210–6. PMID 8959990.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Horn S, Stern MB (October 2004). "The comparative effects of medical therapies for Parkinson's disease". Neurology. 63 (7 Suppl 2): S7–12. PMID 15477585.
- ↑ "A controlled trial of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease: the TEMPO Study". Arch. Neurol. 59 (12): 1937–43. December 2002. PMID 12470183.
- ↑ "A controlled, randomized, delayed-start study of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease". Arch. Neurol. 61 (4): 561–6. April 2004. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.4.561. PMID 15096406.
- ↑ Vitale C, Santangelo G, Erro R, Errico D, Manganelli F, Improta I, Moccia M, Barone P (April 2013). "Impulse control disorders induced by rasagiline as adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease: report of 2 cases". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19 (4): 483–4. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.008. PMID 23305965.
- ↑ Duvoisin RC (August 1967). "Cholinergic-anticholinergic antagonism in parkinsonism". Arch. Neurol. 17 (2): 124–36. PMID 4382112.
- ↑ Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, Lees A (2003). "Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson's disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD003735. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003735. PMID 12804486.
- ↑ Lang AE (February 1984). "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with agents other than levodopa and dopamine agonists: controversies and new approaches". Can J Neurol Sci. 11 (1 Suppl): 210–20. PMID 6143611.
- ↑ Schwab RS, Poskanzer DC, England AC, Young RR (November 1972). "Amantadine in Parkinson's disease. Review of more than two years' experience". JAMA. 222 (7): 792–5. PMID 4677928.
- ↑ "Amantadine and other antiglutamate agents: management of Parkinson's disease". Mov. Disord. 17 Suppl 4: S13–22. 2002. doi:10.1002/mds.5557. PMID 12211136.
- ↑ Parkes JD, Baxter RC, Marsden CD, Rees JE (April 1974). "Comparative trial of benzhexol, amantadine, and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 37 (4): 422–6. PMC 494673. PMID 4838913.