Sandbox : anmol: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:14, 3 May 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Differential Oliguria

Classification by etiology	Etiology	Clinical manifestations										Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs										Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/Confusion	Muscle weakness/cramp	Somatic/visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Haematuria/Proteinuria	Edema	Blood tests	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal	Myocarditis^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis may be with eosinophilia Elevated ESR and CRP	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Screening for rheumatic origin of disease Cardiac enzymes to rule out infraction Serum viral antibodies to rule out viral myocarditis, including: Coxsackie virus group B Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus Ebstein-Barr virus Hepatitis virus Influenza virus	N/A	N/A	N/A	Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can detect inflammatory edema Delayed-enhanced MRI has also been to assess the degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis Echocardiography is useful for the following: Exclusion of amyloidosis, congenital and/or valvular diseases Assessment of cardiac dysfunction Detection of inflammatory origin, wall motion abnormalities, wall thickening, and pericardial effusion Distinction between fulminant and acute myocarditis Scintigraphy is useful for detecting myocardial inflammation ECG is non-specific but may detect the following: Heart block Ventricular arrhythmias Injury patterns, including those of myocardial ischemia and pericarditis	N/A
	Peritonitis^[5]^[6]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Peritoneal fluid analysis is the most important component of diagnosis and demonstrates the following: Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Perinatal asphyxia^[7]^[8]^[9]	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	May indicate infection, hemorrhage or thrombocytopenia	Decreased glomerular filtration rate Elevated creatinine >1.5 mg/dL	N/A	N/A	Elevated cardiac troponin T and I levels are specific for cardiac dysfunction Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is under investigation as a biomarker for acute kidney injury Fetal umbilical artery pH <7.0 Elevated liver transaminases Coagulation profile should be carried out	N/A	Cranial ultrasound may indicate the following: Focal hemorrhage Ventricular dilatation White matter damage Cerebral edema Cystic lesions	X -ray may demonstrate the following: Cardiomegaly Hazy lung fields indicating pulmonary edema	N/A	Acute brain injury may be seen on MRI	ECG may demonstrate ischemia with changes in the ST segment Echocardiography may demonstrate the following: Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction Right-to-left atrial shunting	Apgar score is very important during assessment
	Polycythemia^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	Hematocrit > 49% in men Hematocrit > 48% in women Hemoglobin > 16.5 g/dL in men Hemoglobin > 16 g/dL in women Total red blood cell mass ≥ 36 mL/kg in males Total red blood cell mass ≥ 32 mL/kg in females Thrombocytosis > 400,000/μL Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophils > 12,000/μL Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase >100 U/L Serum vitamin B-12 concentration >900 pg/mL Hyperuricemia may be present	Decreased erythropoietin	N/A	Oxygen saturation ≥ 92%	N/A	May demonstrate splenomegaly	May demonstrate splenomegaly	N/A	N/A	N/A	JAK2 mutation Bone marrow biopsy demonstrates: Hypercellularity with hyperplasia of the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic cell lines Myelofibrosis may also be present Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time may be prolonged	Phlebotomy is the usual form of treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis may occur with hypoxia	Pulse oximetry is useful in diagnosis	N/A	Demonstrates the following: Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance Poor lung expansion Cardiomegaly may or may not be present Streaky opacities may indicate pneumonia	N/A	-	Echocardiography is useful in diagnosing patent ductus arteriosus	N/A
	Shock^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] - Anaphylactic - Cardiogenic - Hypotensive - Septic - Toxic	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	Elevated hemotocrit value may indicate hypovolemic shock Anemia and/or thrombocytopenia may indicate hemorrhagic shock Elevated eosinophils may indicate anaphylactic shock Elevated leukocytes may suggest septic shock A low white count with bandemia may suggest an undifferentiated shock	Elevated BUN and creatinine Decreased GFR	Hypernatremia or hyponatremia Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia Hypochloremia	N/A	Elevated serum lactate	Cross matching and blood typing of blood is important for blood transfusion Prolonged prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time may indicate hemorrhagic shock Elevated liver transaminases In cardiogenic shock: Elevated troponin I or troponin T levels Elevated creatine phosphokinase Elevated brain natriuretic peptide, or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy may occur as a complication, and is determined through elevated fibrin split products and D-dimer level with low fibrinogen level	RUSH (Rapid ultrasound in shock) may detect the following: Pulmonary embolism Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Reduced contractility of the right and left ventricle Pneumothorax Pulmonary edema Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm	May demonstrate the following: Pneumonia Pneumothorax Pulmonary edema Widened mediastinum Free air under the diaphragm May also determine etiology of shock, such as: Intestinal obstruction Bowel perforation	Can determine etiology of shock, such as: Traumatic brain injury, Stroke Spinal injury Pneumonia Pneumothorax Ruptured aneurysm Aortic dissection Intestinal obstruction Bowel perforation Abscess Pulmonary embolism	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Third space losses^[23]^[24]^[25] - Capillary leak - Surgery - Trauma	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia Decreased hematocrit	Elevated BUN and creatinine Elevated GFR	May demonstrate proteinuria or hematuria	Elevated lactate dehydrogenase Elevated alkaline phosphatase Hypo or hypernatremia Hypo or hyperkalemia	May visualize fluid collections	More accurately visualize the following: Margins of trauma Fluid collection	Useful for diagnosis of soft tissue injury	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Toxic megacolon^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	-	Leukocytosis with left shift Anemia (if diarrhea is present)	Creatinine and BUN may be elevated	N/A	Hyponatremia is common	Elevated ESR and CRP	Ultrasound may demonstrate the following: Loss of haustra Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls Dilated colon > 6cm Dilatation of ileal loops Presence of intraluminal gas and fluid	The following is noted with x-ray: Dilated colon Loss of haustra Soft tissue masses Segmental parietal thinning Free intraperitoneal air	May demonstrate the following: Bowel perforation Abscess	N/A	N/A	Endoscopy and colonoscopy can aid diagnosis	N/A
Classification by etiology	Etiology	Clinical manifestations										Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs										Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/Confusion	Muscle weakness/cramp	Somatic/visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Haematuria/Proteinuria	Edema	CBC	KFT	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Intrinsic renal	Acute interstitial nephritis^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia may be present	Elevated creatinine High fractional sodium excretion	N/A	Eosinophiluria Sterile pyuria Microscopic hematuria Proteinuria Red cell or white cell casts	N/A	Patients with immunoglobulin G4 - related disease may have elevated serum total IgG and/or IgG4 levels	Ultrasound demonstrates normal-sized kidneys	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	History of long term analgesic use is common
	Acute tubular necrosis^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	Elevated creatinine Elevated BUN Elevated fractional excretion of sodium	Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Hypermagnesemia Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	N/A	N/A	Ultrasound can determine: Obstructive uropathy Renal size Cortical thickness Hydronephrosis	May be useful in cases with nephrolithiasis	May be useful in cases with nephrolithiasis May also determine area of obstruction	May also determine area of obstruction	Renal biopsy may demonstrate the following: Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules Swollen tubular cells Loss of the cell brush border Useful kidney function biomarkers: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin Interleukin-18 Kidney injury molecule 1 Cystatin C Sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3	Furosemide stress testing can predict stage
	Cancer^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43] - Renal cell carcinoma - Metastatic cancer	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+	+/-	May reveal normocytic or microcytic anemia Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis Elevated reticulocytes Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia Blast cells	Elevated BUN Elevated creatinine Decreased GFR Decreased or increased production of erythropoietin	Hyponatremia Hypomagnesemia Hyper or hypocalcemia Hypophosphatemia Hyper or hypokalemia	Gross hematuria	N/A	Elevated liver transaminases	Ultrasound can detect fluid collection and morphologic change Flank mass	Can delineate tumor, visualize calcification and widened mediastinae Barium contrast may show filling defects	May accurately visualize metastasis and determine staging Distinguish cystic from solid masses Determine lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	May determine soft tissue invasion and staging	Percutaneous cyst puncture may aid diagnosis of malignant cystic lesions	Histology can determine type of cancer Renal cell carcinoma can be divided into the following types: Clear cell (75%) Chromophilic (15%) Chromophobic (5%) Oncocytoma (3%) Collecting duct (2%)
	Chronic kidney failure^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	Anemia is present	Elevated creatinine Elevated BUN Decreased GFR	Hyperkalemia	Hypoalbuminuria	Low bicarbonate	To determine renal bone disease, the following may be performed: Serum phosphate 25 - hydroxyvitamin D Alkaline phosphatase Parathyroid hormone To determine kidney function, C - cystatin may be measured	May indicate hydronephrosis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Mass Enlarged or shrunken kidneys	May demonstrate nephrolithiasis Retrograde pyelogram may determine obstruction	May determine renal masses, stones, and cysts	Useful in those who are contraindicated for intravenous contrast May determine renal vein thrombosis Magnetic resonance angiography can diagnose renal artery stenosis	Percutaneous renal biopsy is also useful in diagnosis	N/A
	Congenital kidney disease^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54] - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Elevated hematocrit	Decreased GFR	Hypocalcemia Hypophosphatemia	Microalbuminuria Uricosuria	N/A	Genetic testing for ADPKD1 and ADPKD2	Ultrasound is the gold standard for visualization of cysts	More sensitive than ultrasound and can detect small cysts (0.5 cm)	Useful for determining kidney size and progression Magnetic resonance angiography may determine intracranial aneurysms	N/A	N/A	N/A
	End stage renal disease^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	N/A	Elevated creatinine Elevated BUN Decreased GFR	Hyperkalemia	Hypoalbuminuria	Low bicarbonate	To determine renal bone disease, the following may be performed: Serum phosphate 25 - hydroxyvitamin D Alkaline phosphatase Parathyroid hormone To determine kidney function, C - cystatin may be measured	May indicate hydronephrosis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Mass Enlarged or shrunken kidneys	May demonstrate nephrolithiasis Retrograde pyelogram may determine obstruction	May determine renal masses, stones, and cysts	Useful in those who are contraindicated for intravenous contrast May determine renal vein thrombosis Magnetic resonance angiography can diagnose [[[renal artery stenosis]]	Percutaneous renal biopsy is also useful in diagnosis	N/A
	Endogenous toxins^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	+/-	May indicate anemia or thrombocytopenia	Elevated BUN Elevated creatinine Decreased GFR	Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia due to hyperphosphatemia Hyperuricemia	Uricosuria Hematuria Myoglobinuria Casts Urinary sediment	N/A	Elevated creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Ultrasound may determine the following: Malignant or cystic lesions Hydronephrosis Hydroureter Nephrocalcinosis Urolithiasis	N/A	Spiral CT may determine the following: Urolithiasis Wilms tumor Polycystic kidney disease	N/A	Voiding cystourethrograms may detect ureter or bladder abnormalities Radionuclide studies may visualize calculi	N/A
	Glomerulonephritis^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	Pleocytosis Anemia Leukocytosis	Elevated BUN and creatinine	N/A	Specific gravity > 1.020 Proteinuria Hematuria Red blood cell casts White blood cell casts Dysmorphic RBCs Acanthocytes Cellular casts Granular casts Oval fat bodies	N/A	N/A	Elevated ESR Elevated complement C3, C4, CH50 Streptozyme test to screen for streptococcal antigens Blood and tissue culture may aid diagnosis Other useful tests include: Antinuclear antibodies Anti-DNA antibodies Cryoglobulins Serum albumin Triglyceride levels Hepatitis B and C serologies Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	May determine the following: Kidney size Echogenicity of the renal cortex Obstruction Degree of fibrosis	To exclude the following: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis) Goodpasture syndrome Pulmonary congestion	To exclude the following: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis) Goodpasture syndrome Pulmonary congestion To visualize visceral abscesses	N/A	Renal biopsy may aid diagnosis Light and electron microscopy may have specific findings and determine pathology Immunofluorescence may also exhibit diagnostic findings
	Goodpasture syndrome^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Anemia Leukocytosis	Elevated BUN Elevated creatinine	N/A	Low-grade proteinuria Gross or microscopic hematuria [[Red blood cell] casts	N/A	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody testing is positive by radioimmunoassays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody testing is positive for c- or p- ANCA Elevated ESR	N/A	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	N/A	N/A	Pulmonary biopsy will demonstrate diffuse alveolar hemorrhage	N/A
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	Severe anemia Thrombocytopenia	Elevated BUN Elevated creatinine	N/A	Mild proteinuria Red blood cells Red blood cell casts	N/A	Peripheral blood smear demonstrates schistocytes Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time Elevated fibrinogen degradation product and D-dimer Elevated bilirubin Elevated lactate dehydrogenase Decreased haptoglobin Stool culture may be postive for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella ADAMTS-13 activity is severely decreased	Helpful in ruling out obstruction	N/A	N/A	N/A	Renal biopsy may demonstrate the following: Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall Swelling of endothelial cells Fibrin thrombi	N/A
	Nephrolithiasis^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis	Elevated creatinine Elevated BUN	Hypercalcemia Hyper or hyponatremia Hyper or hypokalemia Hyperuricemia	Gross or microscopic hematuria Red blood cells or white blood cells Pyuria Urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine Hypercalciuria Urinary pH > 7 may indicate an infection with urea-splitting bacteria such as: Proteus Pseudomonas Klebsiella, and may lead to struvite stones Urinary pH < 5 indicates likely formation of uric acid stones	Decreased serum bicarbonate with hypokalemia may indicate renal tubular acidosis	Elevated CRP	All types of stones are visible May demonstrate the following: Hydronephrosis Ureteral dilation Abdominal aortic aneurysm Cholelithiasis Safe in pregnancy but may miss small stones	Calcium - containing stones are radio-opaque Uric acid or cystine stones are radiolucent Plain or KUB (kidney-ureter-bladder) radiograph may determine stone characteristics such as: Size Shape Composition Location Differentiate between a phlebolith and an obstructing calcific stone Stone movement may also be monitored	Most sensitive modality for renal stones Can estimate stone density, size and composition CT is able to determine pathology secondary to renal stones, such as: Ureteral dilation Hydronephrosis Nephromegaly Perinephric fat streaking No contrast needed and can diagnose other pathologies, such as: Abdominal aortic aneurysm Appendicitis Pancreatitis Cholecystitis Ovarian disorders Diverticular disease Renal cell carcinoma	N/A	Intravenous pyelography (IVP) visualizes entire urinary system and is gold standard for the diagnosis of ureterolithiasis Renal tomography can determine similar findings as CT, however has been largely replaced by CT Nuclear renal scan can determine renal function	N/A

References

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↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC (January 2006). "The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age". Kidney Int. 69 (2): 375–82. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000058. PMID 16408129.
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J (August 2006). "International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (8): 2275–84. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005121273. PMID 16790511.
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG (July 2004). "The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency". Ann. Intern. Med. 141 (2): 95–101. PMID 15262664.
↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
↑ Tabatabaeifar M, Schlingmann KP, Litwin M, Emre S, Bakkaloglu A, Mehls O, Antignac C, Schaefer F, Weber S (December 2009). "Functional analysis of BMP4 mutations identified in pediatric CAKUT patients". Pediatr. Nephrol. 24 (12): 2361–8. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1287-6. PMID 19685083.
↑ Reidy KJ, Rosenblum ND (July 2009). "Cell and molecular biology of kidney development". Semin. Nephrol. 29 (4): 321–37. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.009. PMC 2789488. PMID 19615554.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
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[pmid7955787-62] Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.

[pmid15910953-63] Chadban SJ, Atkins RC (2005). "Glomerulonephritis". Lancet. 365 (9473): 1797–806. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66583-X. PMID 15910953.

[pmid8361123-64] Couser WG (July 1993). "Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis". Kidney Int. Suppl. 42: S19–26. PMID 8361123.

[pmid10620563-65] Rodriguez-Iturbe B (January 2000). "Postinfectious glomerulonephritis". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 35 (1): XLVI–XLVIII. PMID 10620563.

[pmid333598-66] Sanjad S, Tolaymat A, Whitworth J, Levin S (October 1977). "Acute glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 153 cases". South. Med. J. 70 (10): 1202–6. PMID 333598.

[pmid12969182-67] Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.

[pmid8914046-68] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid8589284-69] Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.

[pmid12815141-70] Hudson BG, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson EG (June 2003). "Alport's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, and type IV collagen". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (25): 2543–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022296. PMID 12815141.

[pmid8621555-71] Kalluri R, Sun MJ, Hudson BG, Neilson EG (April 1996). "The Goodpasture autoantigen. Structural delineation of two immunologically privileged epitopes on alpha3(IV) chain of type IV collagen". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (15): 9062–8. PMID 8621555.

[pmid10027929-72] Leinonen A, Netzer KO, Boutaud A, Gunwar S, Hudson BG (March 1999). "Goodpasture antigen: expression of the full-length alpha3(IV) chain of collagen IV and localization of epitopes exclusively to the noncollagenous domain". Kidney Int. 55 (3): 926–35. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003926.x. PMID 10027929.

[pmid15728781-73] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-74] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

[pmid25859752-75] Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

[pmid16932353-76] Noris M, Remuzzi G (November 2005). "Genetic abnormalities of complement regulators in hemolytic uremic syndrome: how do they affect patient management?". Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 1 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1038/ncpneph0018. PMID 16932353.

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[pmid26349951-78] Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.

[pmid14960744-79] Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

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@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Prerenal
-|[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid3974674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2660415">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Connell JB, Mason JW |title=Diagnosing and treating active myocarditis |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=431–5 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2660415 |pmc=1026578 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8198397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olinde KD, O'Connell JB |title=Inflammatory heart disease: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of myocarditis |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=45 |issue= |pages=481–90 |date=1994 |pmid=8198397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.481 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16449736">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman KL |title=Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=593–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16449736 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589663 |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Myocarditis|'''Myocarditis''']]<ref name="pmid3974674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2660415">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Connell JB, Mason JW |title=Diagnosing and treating active myocarditis |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=431–5 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2660415 |pmc=1026578 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8198397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olinde KD, O'Connell JB |title=Inflammatory heart disease: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of myocarditis |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=45 |issue= |pages=481–90 |date=1994 |pmid=8198397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.481 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16449736">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman KL |title=Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=593–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16449736 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589663 |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 * [[Leukocytosis]] may be with [[eosinophilia]]
 * Elevated [[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Screening for rheumatic origin of disease
@@ Line 65: / Line 69: @@
 ** [[Hepatitis]] virus
 ** [[Influenza]] virus
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Gadolinium-enhanced [[magnetic resonance imaging]] can detect inflammatory [[edema]]
@@ Line 84: / Line 91: @@
 ** Injury patterns, including those of myocardial [[ischemia]] and [[pericarditis]]
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid9798013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2210672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Peritonitis|'''Peritonitis''']]<ref name="pmid9798013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2210672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 96: / Line 104: @@
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Peritoneal fluid analysis is the most important component of diagnosis and demonstrates the following:
 ** Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Perinatal asphyxia]]<ref name="pmid23149172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Selewski DT, Jordan BK, Askenazi DJ, Dechert RE, Sarkar S |title=Acute kidney injury in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=725–729.e1 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23149172 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21238703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Durkan AM, Alexander RT |title=Acute kidney injury post neonatal asphyxia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=158 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=e29–33 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21238703 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8747112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD |title=Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=718–22 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8747112 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|'''[[Perinatal asphyxia]]<ref name="pmid23149172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Selewski DT, Jordan BK, Askenazi DJ, Dechert RE, Sarkar S |title=Acute kidney injury in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=725–729.e1 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23149172 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.002 |url=}}</ref>'''<ref name="pmid21238703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Durkan AM, Alexander RT |title=Acute kidney injury post neonatal asphyxia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=158 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=e29–33 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21238703 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8747112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD |title=Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=718–22 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8747112 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 127: / Line 146: @@
 * Decreased [[glomerular filtration rate]]
 * Elevated [[creatinine]] >1.5 mg/dL
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Elevated cardiac [[troponin]] T and I levels are specific for cardiac dysfunction
@@ Line 135: / Line 156: @@
 * Elevated liver [[transaminases]]
 * Coagulation profile should be carried out
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Cranial [[ultrasound]] may indicate the following:
@@ Line 147: / Line 169: @@
 ** [[Cardiomegaly]]
 ** Hazy lung fields indicating [[pulmonary edema]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Acute brain injury may be seen on MRI
@@ Line 158: / Line 181: @@
 * [[Apgar score]] is very important during assessment
 |-
-|[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid9025165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9292543">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2297568">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Silva JL, Lacombe C, Bruneval P, Casadevall N, Leporrier M, Camilleri JP, Bariety J, Tambourin P, Varet B |title=Tumor cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in human renal cancers associated with polycythemia |journal=Blood |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=577–82 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2297568 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8855223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iliopoulos O, Levy AP, Jiang C, Kaelin WG, Goldberg MA |title=Negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by the von Hippel-Lindau protein |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=20 |pages=10595–9 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8855223 |pmc=38198 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11986208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesener MS, Seyfarth M, Warnecke C, Jürgensen JS, Rosenberger C, Morgan NV, Maher ER, Frei U, Eckardt KU |title=Paraneoplastic erythrocytosis associated with an inactivating point mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in a renal cell carcinoma |journal=Blood |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=3562–5 |date=May 2002 |pmid=11986208 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Polycythemia|'''Polycythemia''']]<ref name="pmid9025165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9292543">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2297568">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Silva JL, Lacombe C, Bruneval P, Casadevall N, Leporrier M, Camilleri JP, Bariety J, Tambourin P, Varet B |title=Tumor cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in human renal cancers associated with polycythemia |journal=Blood |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=577–82 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2297568 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8855223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iliopoulos O, Levy AP, Jiang C, Kaelin WG, Goldberg MA |title=Negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by the von Hippel-Lindau protein |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=20 |pages=10595–9 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8855223 |pmc=38198 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11986208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesener MS, Seyfarth M, Warnecke C, Jürgensen JS, Rosenberger C, Morgan NV, Maher ER, Frei U, Eckardt KU |title=Paraneoplastic erythrocytosis associated with an inactivating point mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in a renal cell carcinoma |journal=Blood |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=3562–5 |date=May 2002 |pmid=11986208 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 183: / Line 206: @@
 |
 * Decreased [[erythropoietin]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Oxygen saturation ≥ 92%
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * May demonstrate [[splenomegaly]]
 |
 * May demonstrate [[splenomegaly]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * [[JAK2]] mutation
@@ Line 203: / Line 231: @@
 * [[Phlebotomy]] is the usual form of treatment
 |-
-|[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid26542877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17382123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mariani G, Dik PB, Ezquer A, Aguirre A, Esteban ML, Perez C, Fernandez Jonusas S, Fustiñana C |title=Pre-ductal and post-ductal O2 saturation in healthy term neonates after birth |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=418–21 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17382123 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.015 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain L, Eaton DC |title=Physiology of fetal lung fluid clearance and the effect of labor |journal=Semin. Perinatol. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=34–43 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16549212 |doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2006.01.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10764292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avery ME |title=Surfactant deficiency in hyaline membrane disease: the story of discovery |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=161 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1074–5 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10764292 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.16142 |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Respiratory distress syndrome|'''Respiratory distress syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid26542877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17382123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mariani G, Dik PB, Ezquer A, Aguirre A, Esteban ML, Perez C, Fernandez Jonusas S, Fustiñana C |title=Pre-ductal and post-ductal O2 saturation in healthy term neonates after birth |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=418–21 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17382123 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.015 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain L, Eaton DC |title=Physiology of fetal lung fluid clearance and the effect of labor |journal=Semin. Perinatol. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=34–43 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16549212 |doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2006.01.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10764292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avery ME |title=Surfactant deficiency in hyaline membrane disease: the story of discovery |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=161 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1074–5 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10764292 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.16142 |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 214: / Line 242: @@
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Metabolic and respiratory [[acidosis]] may occur with [[hypoxia]]
 |
 * Pulse oximetry is useful in diagnosis
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Demonstrates the following:
@@ Line 229: / Line 262: @@
 ** [[Cardiomegaly]] may or may not be present
 ** Streaky opacities may indicate [[pneumonia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |
 * [[Echocardiography]] is useful in diagnosing [[patent ductus arteriosus]]
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7588190">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodgers KG |title=Cardiovascular shock |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=793–810 |date=November 1995 |pmid=7588190 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26903335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, Rubenfeld G, Kahn JM, Shankar-Hari M, Singer M, Deutschman CS, Escobar GJ, Angus DC |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–74 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26903335 |pmc=5433435 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26158402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Churpek MM, Zadravecz FJ, Winslow C, Howell MD, Edelson DP |title=Incidence and Prognostic Value of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Organ Dysfunctions in Ward Patients |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=192 |issue=8 |pages=958–64 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26158402 |pmc=4642209 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201502-0275OC |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Shock|'''Shock''']]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7588190">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodgers KG |title=Cardiovascular shock |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=793–810 |date=November 1995 |pmid=7588190 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26903335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, Rubenfeld G, Kahn JM, Shankar-Hari M, Singer M, Deutschman CS, Escobar GJ, Angus DC |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–74 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26903335 |pmc=5433435 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26158402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Churpek MM, Zadravecz FJ, Winslow C, Howell MD, Edelson DP |title=Incidence and Prognostic Value of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Organ Dysfunctions in Ward Patients |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=192 |issue=8 |pages=958–64 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26158402 |pmc=4642209 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201502-0275OC |url=}}</ref>
 - Anaphylactic
@@ Line 270: / Line 305: @@
 * [[Hypokalemia]] or [[hyperkalemia]]
 * [[Hypochloremia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Elevated serum [[lactate]]
@@ Line 314: / Line 350: @@
 ** [[Abscess]]
 ** [[Pulmonary embolism]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |-
-|Third space losses<ref name="pmid10086438">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGee S, Abernethy WB, Simel DL |title=The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=11 |pages=1022–9 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10086438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5336422">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohn JN |title=Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods |journal=JAMA |volume=199 |issue=13 |pages=118–22 |date=March 1967 |pmid=5336422 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17060544">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vinayak AG, Levitt J, Gehlbach B, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP |title=Usefulness of the external jugular vein examination in detecting abnormal central venous pressure in critically ill patients |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=19 |pages=2132–7 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17060544 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.19.2132 |url=}}</ref>
+|'''Third space losses'''<ref name="pmid10086438">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGee S, Abernethy WB, Simel DL |title=The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=11 |pages=1022–9 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10086438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5336422">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohn JN |title=Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods |journal=JAMA |volume=199 |issue=13 |pages=118–22 |date=March 1967 |pmid=5336422 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17060544">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vinayak AG, Levitt J, Gehlbach B, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP |title=Usefulness of the external jugular vein examination in detecting abnormal central venous pressure in critically ill patients |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=19 |pages=2132–7 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17060544 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.19.2132 |url=}}</ref>
 - Capillary leak
@@ Line 355: / Line 394: @@
 |
 * Useful for diagnosis of soft tissue injury
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7555415">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trudel JL, Deschênes M, Mayrand S, Barkun AN |title=Toxic megacolon complicating pseudomembranous enterocolitis |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1033–8 |date=October 1995 |pmid=7555415 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14638335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gan SI, Beck PL |title=A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=2363–71 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14638335 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caprilli R, Vernia P, Colaneri O, Torsoli A |title=Blood pH: a test for assessment of severity in proctocolitis |journal=Gut |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=763–9 |date=October 1976 |pmid=12067 |pmc=1411181 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|'''[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''<ref name="pmid7555415">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trudel JL, Deschênes M, Mayrand S, Barkun AN |title=Toxic megacolon complicating pseudomembranous enterocolitis |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1033–8 |date=October 1995 |pmid=7555415 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14638335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gan SI, Beck PL |title=A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=2363–71 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14638335 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caprilli R, Vernia P, Colaneri O, Torsoli A |title=Blood pH: a test for assessment of severity in proctocolitis |journal=Gut |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=763–9 |date=October 1976 |pmid=12067 |pmc=1411181 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
@@ Line 376: / Line 421: @@
 |
 * [[Creatinine]] and [[BUN]] may be elevated
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * [[Hyponatremia]] is common
@@ Line 399: / Line 445: @@
 ** Bowel perforation
 ** [[Abscess]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * [[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]] can aid diagnosis
 |
+* N/A
 |-
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Classification by etiology
@@ Line 438: / Line 487: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan="14" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Intrinsic renal
-|[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2113219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L |title=Acute interstitial nephritis: a clinical and morphological study in 27 patients |journal=Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=94–9 |date=1990 |pmid=2113219 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11473672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossert J |title=Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=804–17 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473672 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002804.x |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Acute interstitial nephritis|'''Acute interstitial nephritis''']]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2113219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L |title=Acute interstitial nephritis: a clinical and morphological study in 27 patients |journal=Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=94–9 |date=1990 |pmid=2113219 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11473672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossert J |title=Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=804–17 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473672 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002804.x |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 454: / Line 503: @@
 * Elevated [[creatinine]]
 * High fractional [[sodium]] excretion
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Eosinophiluria
@@ Line 461: / Line 511: @@
 * [[Proteinuria]]
 * Red cell or white cell casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Patients with immunoglobulin G4 - related disease may have elevated serum total IgG and/or IgG4 levels
 |
 * [[Ultrasound]] demonstrates normal-sized kidneys
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * History of long term [[analgesic]] use is common
 |-
-|[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17507907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, Go AS |title=Community-based incidence of acute renal failure |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=208–12 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17507907 |pmc=2673495 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5002297 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16495376">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waikar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, McCarthy EP, Chertow GM |title=Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1143–50 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16495376 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005091017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16106006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C |title=Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=7 |pages=813–8 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16106006 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.7.813 |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Acute tubular necrosis|'''Acute tubular necrosis''']]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17507907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, Go AS |title=Community-based incidence of acute renal failure |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=208–12 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17507907 |pmc=2673495 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5002297 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16495376">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waikar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, McCarthy EP, Chertow GM |title=Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1143–50 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16495376 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005091017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16106006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C |title=Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=7 |pages=813–8 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16106006 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.7.813 |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 498: / Line 553: @@
 |
 * Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Ultrasound can determine:
@@ Line 527: / Line 584: @@
 * [[Furosemide]] stress testing can predict stage
 |-
-|[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid788291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibbons RP, Monte JE, Correa RJ, Mason JT |title=Manifestations of renal cell carcinoma |journal=Urology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=201–6 |date=September 1976 |pmid=788291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7124769">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pras M, Franklin EC, Shibolet S, Frangione B |title=Amyloidosis associated with renal cell carcinoma of the AA type |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=426–8 |date=September 1982 |pmid=7124769 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4595951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chisholm GD |title=Nephrogenic ridge tumors and their syndromes |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=230 |issue= |pages=403–23 |date=1974 |pmid=4595951 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Cancer|'''Cancer''']]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid788291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibbons RP, Monte JE, Correa RJ, Mason JT |title=Manifestations of renal cell carcinoma |journal=Urology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=201–6 |date=September 1976 |pmid=788291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7124769">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pras M, Franklin EC, Shibolet S, Frangione B |title=Amyloidosis associated with renal cell carcinoma of the AA type |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=426–8 |date=September 1982 |pmid=7124769 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4595951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chisholm GD |title=Nephrogenic ridge tumors and their syndromes |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=230 |issue= |pages=403–23 |date=1974 |pmid=4595951 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 - [[Renal cell carcinoma]]
@@ Line 561: / Line 618: @@
 |
 * Gross [[hematuria]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Elevated liver [[transaminases]]
@@ Line 587: / Line 645: @@
 ** Collecting duct (2%)
 |-
-|[[Chronic kidney failure]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15738453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS |title=The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=342–51 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738453 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16408129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC |title=The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=375–82 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16408129 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16790511">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J |title=International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2275–84 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16790511 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005121273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15262664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG |title=The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15262664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Chronic kidney failure|'''Chronic kidney failure''']]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15738453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS |title=The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=342–51 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738453 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16408129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC |title=The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=375–82 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16408129 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16790511">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J |title=International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2275–84 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16790511 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005121273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15262664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG |title=The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15262664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 634: / Line 692: @@
 * Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]] is also useful in diagnosis
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Congenital kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19685083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabatabaeifar M, Schlingmann KP, Litwin M, Emre S, Bakkaloglu A, Mehls O, Antignac C, Schaefer F, Weber S |title=Functional analysis of BMP4 mutations identified in pediatric CAKUT patients |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=2361–8 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19685083 |doi=10.1007/s00467-009-1287-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19615554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reidy KJ, Rosenblum ND |title=Cell and molecular biology of kidney development |journal=Semin. Nephrol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=321–37 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19615554 |pmc=2789488 |doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.009 |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Congenital kidney disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19685083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabatabaeifar M, Schlingmann KP, Litwin M, Emre S, Bakkaloglu A, Mehls O, Antignac C, Schaefer F, Weber S |title=Functional analysis of BMP4 mutations identified in pediatric CAKUT patients |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=2361–8 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19685083 |doi=10.1007/s00467-009-1287-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19615554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reidy KJ, Rosenblum ND |title=Cell and molecular biology of kidney development |journal=Semin. Nephrol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=321–37 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19615554 |pmc=2789488 |doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.009 |url=}}</ref>
 - [[Agenesis]]
@@ Line 663: / Line 722: @@
 * [[Microalbuminuria]]
 * [[Uricosuria]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Genetic testing for ADPKD1 and ADPKD2
@@ Line 673: / Line 733: @@
 * Useful for determining kidney size and progression
 * Magnetic resonance [[angiography]] may determine intracranial aneurysms
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15738453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS |title=The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=342–51 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738453 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16408129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC |title=The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=375–82 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16408129 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16790511">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J |title=International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2275–84 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16790511 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005121273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15262664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG |title=The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15262664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|[[End stage renal disease|'''End stage renal disease''']]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15738453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS |title=The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=342–51 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738453 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16408129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC |title=The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=375–82 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16408129 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16790511">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J |title=International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2275–84 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16790511 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005121273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15262664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG |title=The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15262664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 689: / Line 752: @@
 |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 |
+* N/A
 |
 * Elevated [[creatinine]]
@@ Line 723: / Line 787: @@
 * Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]] is also useful in diagnosis
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|Endogenous toxins<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|'''Endogenous toxins'''<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 - [[Hemoglobin]]
@@ Line 756: / Line 821: @@
 * Casts
 * Urinary sediment
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Elevated [[creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
@@ Line 766: / Line 832: @@
 ** [[Nephrocalcinosis]]
 ** Urolithiasis
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Spiral CT may determine the following:
@@ Line 772: / Line 839: @@
 ** [[Wilms tumor]]
 ** [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Voiding cystourethrograms may detect ureter or bladder abnormalities
 * Radionuclide studies may visualize calculi
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15910953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chadban SJ, Atkins RC |title=Glomerulonephritis |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9473 |pages=1797–806 |date=2005 |pmid=15910953 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66583-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8361123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Couser WG |title=Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis |journal=Kidney Int. Suppl. |volume=42 |issue= |pages=S19–26 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8361123 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10620563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez-Iturbe B |title=Postinfectious glomerulonephritis |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=XLVI–XLVIII |date=January 2000 |pmid=10620563 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid333598">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanjad S, Tolaymat A, Whitworth J, Levin S |title=Acute glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 153 cases |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1202–6 |date=October 1977 |pmid=333598 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+|'''[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'''<ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15910953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chadban SJ, Atkins RC |title=Glomerulonephritis |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9473 |pages=1797–806 |date=2005 |pmid=15910953 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66583-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8361123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Couser WG |title=Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis |journal=Kidney Int. Suppl. |volume=42 |issue= |pages=S19–26 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8361123 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10620563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez-Iturbe B |title=Postinfectious glomerulonephritis |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=XLVI–XLVIII |date=January 2000 |pmid=10620563 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid333598">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanjad S, Tolaymat A, Whitworth J, Levin S |title=Acute glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 153 cases |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1202–6 |date=October 1977 |pmid=333598 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 795: / Line 864: @@
 |
 * Elevated [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Specific gravity > 1.020
@@ Line 807: / Line 877: @@
 * Granular casts
 * Oval fat bodies
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Elevated [[ESR]]
@@ Line 839: / Line 911: @@
 ** Pulmonary congestion
 * To visualize visceral abscesses
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Renal [[biopsy]] may aid diagnosis
@@ Line 845: / Line 918: @@
 * Immunofluorescence may also exhibit diagnostic findings
 |-
-|[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12815141">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hudson BG, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson EG |title=Alport's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, and type IV collagen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=25 |pages=2543–56 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12815141 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra022296 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8621555">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Sun MJ, Hudson BG, Neilson EG |title=The Goodpasture autoantigen. Structural delineation of two immunologically privileged epitopes on alpha3(IV) chain of type IV collagen |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue=15 |pages=9062–8 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8621555 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10027929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leinonen A, Netzer KO, Boutaud A, Gunwar S, Hudson BG |title=Goodpasture antigen: expression of the full-length alpha3(IV) chain of collagen IV and localization of epitopes exclusively to the noncollagenous domain |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=926–35 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10027929 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003926.x |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Goodpasture syndrome|'''Goodpasture syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12815141">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hudson BG, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson EG |title=Alport's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, and type IV collagen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=25 |pages=2543–56 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12815141 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra022296 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8621555">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Sun MJ, Hudson BG, Neilson EG |title=The Goodpasture autoantigen. Structural delineation of two immunologically privileged epitopes on alpha3(IV) chain of type IV collagen |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue=15 |pages=9062–8 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8621555 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10027929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leinonen A, Netzer KO, Boutaud A, Gunwar S, Hudson BG |title=Goodpasture antigen: expression of the full-length alpha3(IV) chain of collagen IV and localization of epitopes exclusively to the noncollagenous domain |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=926–35 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10027929 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003926.x |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 862: / Line 935: @@
 * Elevated [[BUN]]
 * Elevated [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Low-grade [[proteinuria]]
 * Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]]
 * [[Red blood cell] casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody testing is positive by radioimmunoassays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
 * [[Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]] testing is positive for c- or p- ANCA
 * Elevated [[ESR]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Pulmonary [[biopsy]] will demonstrate diffuse [[alveolar hemorrhage]]
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16932353">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Genetic abnormalities of complement regulators in hemolytic uremic syndrome: how do they affect patient management? |journal=Nat Clin Pract Nephrol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16932353 |doi=10.1038/ncpneph0018 |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome|'''Hemolytic uremic syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16932353">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Genetic abnormalities of complement regulators in hemolytic uremic syndrome: how do they affect patient management? |journal=Nat Clin Pract Nephrol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16932353 |doi=10.1038/ncpneph0018 |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 898: / Line 977: @@
 * Elevated [[BUN]]
 * Elevated [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Mild [[proteinuria]]
 * [[Red blood cell]]s
 * [[Red blood cell]] casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Peripheral [[blood smear]] demonstrates [[schistocyte]]s
@@ Line 915: / Line 996: @@
 |
 * Helpful in ruling out obstruction
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+* N/A
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Renal [[biopsy]] may demonstrate the following:
@@ Line 924: / Line 1,008: @@
 ** Fibrin [[thrombi]]
 |
+* N/A
 |-
-|[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7862980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith RC, Rosenfield AT, Choe KA, Essenmacher KR, Verga M, Glickman MG, Lange RC |title=Acute flank pain: comparison of non-contrast-enhanced CT and intravenous urography |journal=Radiology |volume=194 |issue=3 |pages=789–94 |date=March 1995 |pmid=7862980 |doi=10.1148/radiology.194.3.7862980 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11743350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams JC, Paterson RF, Kopecky KK, Lingeman JE, McAteer JA |title=High resolution detection of internal structure of renal calculi by helical computerized tomography |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=322–6 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11743350 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14744345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oehlschläger S, Hakenberg OW, Froehner M, Manseck A, Wirth MP |title=Evaluation of chemical composition of urinary calculi by conventional radiography |journal=J. Endourol. |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=841–5 |date=December 2003 |pmid=14744345 |doi=10.1089/089277903772036109 |url=}}</ref>
+|[[Nephrolithiasis|'''Nephrolithiasis''']]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7862980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith RC, Rosenfield AT, Choe KA, Essenmacher KR, Verga M, Glickman MG, Lange RC |title=Acute flank pain: comparison of non-contrast-enhanced CT and intravenous urography |journal=Radiology |volume=194 |issue=3 |pages=789–94 |date=March 1995 |pmid=7862980 |doi=10.1148/radiology.194.3.7862980 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11743350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams JC, Paterson RF, Kopecky KK, Lingeman JE, McAteer JA |title=High resolution detection of internal structure of renal calculi by helical computerized tomography |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=322–6 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11743350 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14744345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oehlschläger S, Hakenberg OW, Froehner M, Manseck A, Wirth MP |title=Evaluation of chemical composition of urinary calculi by conventional radiography |journal=J. Endourol. |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=841–5 |date=December 2003 |pmid=14744345 |doi=10.1089/089277903772036109 |url=}}</ref>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 995: / Line 1,080: @@
 ** [[Diverticular disease]]
 ** [[Renal cell carcinoma]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* N/A
 |
 * Intravenous pyelography (IVP) visualizes entire urinary system and is gold standard for the diagnosis of ureterolithiasis
@@ Line 1,001: / Line 1,087: @@
 * Nuclear renal scan can determine renal function
 |
+* N/A
 |-
 |}

Sandbox : anmol: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:14, 3 May 2018

Differential Oliguria

References

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