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* Toxic acute tubular necrosis:
* Toxic acute tubular necrosis:
** Exogenous nephrotoxins:
** Exogenous nephrotoxins:
*** Aminoglycosides
*** Aminoglycosides<ref name="pmid10223907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM |title=Aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=1003–12 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10223907 |pmc=89104 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** Amphotericin B
*** Amphotericin B<ref name="pmid11154026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fanos V, Cataldi L |title=Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity: a review |journal=J Chemother |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=463–70 |date=December 2000 |pmid=11154026 |doi=10.1179/joc.2000.12.6.463 |url=}}</ref>
*** Contrast media
*** Contrast media<ref name="pmid7455084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lang EK, Foreman J, Schlegel JU, Leslie C, List A, McCormick P |title=The incidence of contrast medium induced acute tubular necrosis following arteriography |journal=Radiology |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=203–6 |date=January 1981 |pmid=7455084 |doi=10.1148/radiology.138.1.7455084 |url=}}</ref>
*** Cisplatin
*** Cisplatin<ref name="pmid9315405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wadd NJ, Tiplady C, Roberts JT |title=Cisplatin and acute tubular necrosis |journal=Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=267–8 |date=1997 |pmid=9315405 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** Ifosfamide
*** Ifosfamide<ref name="pmid8625132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berns JS, Haghighat A, Staddon A, Cohen RM, Schmidt R, Fisher S, Rudnick MR, Tomaszewski JE |title=Severe, irreversible renal failure after ifosfamide treatment. A clinicopathologic report of two patients |journal=Cancer |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=497–500 |date=August 1995 |pmid=8625132 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** Foscarnet
*** Foscarnet<ref name="pmid2554731">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deray G, Martinez F, Katlama C, Levaltier B, Beaufils H, Danis M, Rozenheim M, Baumelou A, Dohin E, Gentilini M |title=Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence and prevention |journal=Am. J. Nephrol. |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=316–21 |date=1989 |pmid=2554731 |doi=10.1159/000167987 |url=}}</ref>
*** Pentamidine  
*** Pentamidine<ref name="pmid23401840">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prabhavalkar S, Masengu A, O'Rourke D, Shields J, Courtney A |title=Nebulized pentamidine-induced acute renal allograft dysfunction |journal=Case Rep Transplant |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=907593 |date=2013 |pmid=23401840 |pmc=3562641 |doi=10.1155/2013/907593 |url=}}</ref>
*** Cidofovir  
*** Cidofovir<ref name="pmid15751777">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ortiz A, Justo P, Sanz A, Melero R, Caramelo C, Guerrero MF, Strutz F, Müller G, Barat A, Egido J |title=Tubular cell apoptosis and cidofovir-induced acute renal failure |journal=Antivir. Ther. (Lond.) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=185–90 |date=2005 |pmid=15751777 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** Tenofovir  
*** Tenofovir <ref name="pmid20811330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herlitz LC, Mohan S, Stokes MB, Radhakrishnan J, D'Agati VD, Markowitz GS |title=Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=1171–7 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20811330 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.318 |url=}}</ref>
*** Bisphosphonates
*** Bisphosphonates<ref name="pmid18685574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perazella MA, Markowitz GS |title=Bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=74 |issue=11 |pages=1385–93 |date=December 2008 |pmid=18685574 |doi=10.1038/ki.2008.356 |url=}}</ref>
*** Cephalosporin
*** Cephalosporin<ref name="pmid15222673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Longstreth KL, Robbins SD, Smavatkul C, Doe NS |title=Cephalexin-induced acute tubular necrosis |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=808–11 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15222673 |doi=10.1592/phco.24.8.808.36069 |url=}}</ref>
*** Naproxen
*** Naproxen<ref name="pmid12774222">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kovacevic L, Bernstein J, Valentini RP, Imam A, Gupta N, Mattoo TK |title=Renal papillary necrosis induced by naproxen |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=826–9 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12774222 |doi=10.1007/s00467-003-1167-4 |url=}}</ref>
*** Tacrolimus
*** Tacrolimus<ref name="pmid19338495">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ardalan MR, Nasri H, Ghabili K, Mohajel Shoja M |title=Acute tubular necrosis after renal allograft segmental infarction: the nephrotoxicity of necrotic material |journal=Exp Clin Transplant |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=312–4 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19338495 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** Mannitol
*** Mannitol<ref name="pmid2111870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dorman HR, Sondheimer JH, Cadnapaphornchai P |title=Mannitol-induced acute renal failure |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=153–9 |date=May 1990 |pmid=2111870 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*** Intravenous immunoglobulins: These contain sucrose which is toxic to tubular cells.
*** Intravenous immunoglobulins:<ref name="pmid17768831">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fakhouri F |title=[Intravenous immunoglobulins and acute renal failure: mechanism and prevention] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=28 Spec No. 1 |issue= |pages=4–6 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17768831 |doi= |url=}}</ref> These contain sucrose which is toxic to tubular cells.


*[Cause1]
*[Cause1]

Revision as of 19:01, 3 May 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
  • Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

[Disease name] may be caused by:

  • Toxic acute tubular necrosis:
    • Exogenous nephrotoxins:
      • Aminoglycosides[1]
      • Amphotericin B[2]
      • Contrast media[3]
      • Cisplatin[4]
      • Ifosfamide[5]
      • Foscarnet[6]
      • Pentamidine[7]
      • Cidofovir[8]
      • Tenofovir [9]
      • Bisphosphonates[10]
      • Cephalosporin[11]
      • Naproxen[12]
      • Tacrolimus[13]
      • Mannitol[14]
      • Intravenous immunoglobulins:[15] These contain sucrose which is toxic to tubular cells.
  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]


OR


  • [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
  • [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes


Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM (May 1999). "Aminoglycosides: nephrotoxicity". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 (5): 1003–12. PMC 89104. PMID 10223907.
  2. ↑ Fanos V, Cataldi L (December 2000). "Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity: a review". J Chemother. 12 (6): 463–70. doi:10.1179/joc.2000.12.6.463. PMID 11154026.
  3. ↑ Lang EK, Foreman J, Schlegel JU, Leslie C, List A, McCormick P (January 1981). "The incidence of contrast medium induced acute tubular necrosis following arteriography". Radiology. 138 (1): 203–6. doi:10.1148/radiology.138.1.7455084. PMID 7455084.
  4. ↑ Wadd NJ, Tiplady C, Roberts JT (1997). "Cisplatin and acute tubular necrosis". Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 9 (4): 267–8. PMID 9315405.
  5. ↑ Berns JS, Haghighat A, Staddon A, Cohen RM, Schmidt R, Fisher S, Rudnick MR, Tomaszewski JE (August 1995). "Severe, irreversible renal failure after ifosfamide treatment. A clinicopathologic report of two patients". Cancer. 76 (3): 497–500. PMID 8625132.
  6. ↑ Deray G, Martinez F, Katlama C, Levaltier B, Beaufils H, Danis M, Rozenheim M, Baumelou A, Dohin E, Gentilini M (1989). "Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence and prevention". Am. J. Nephrol. 9 (4): 316–21. doi:10.1159/000167987. PMID 2554731.
  7. ↑ Prabhavalkar S, Masengu A, O'Rourke D, Shields J, Courtney A (2013). "Nebulized pentamidine-induced acute renal allograft dysfunction". Case Rep Transplant. 2013: 907593. doi:10.1155/2013/907593. PMC 3562641. PMID 23401840.
  8. ↑ Ortiz A, Justo P, Sanz A, Melero R, Caramelo C, Guerrero MF, Strutz F, Müller G, Barat A, Egido J (2005). "Tubular cell apoptosis and cidofovir-induced acute renal failure". Antivir. Ther. (Lond.). 10 (1): 185–90. PMID 15751777.
  9. ↑ Herlitz LC, Mohan S, Stokes MB, Radhakrishnan J, D'Agati VD, Markowitz GS (December 2010). "Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities". Kidney Int. 78 (11): 1171–7. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.318. PMID 20811330.
  10. ↑ Perazella MA, Markowitz GS (December 2008). "Bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity". Kidney Int. 74 (11): 1385–93. doi:10.1038/ki.2008.356. PMID 18685574.
  11. ↑ Longstreth KL, Robbins SD, Smavatkul C, Doe NS (June 2004). "Cephalexin-induced acute tubular necrosis". Pharmacotherapy. 24 (6): 808–11. doi:10.1592/phco.24.8.808.36069. PMID 15222673.
  12. ↑ Kovacevic L, Bernstein J, Valentini RP, Imam A, Gupta N, Mattoo TK (August 2003). "Renal papillary necrosis induced by naproxen". Pediatr. Nephrol. 18 (8): 826–9. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1167-4. PMID 12774222.
  13. ↑ Ardalan MR, Nasri H, Ghabili K, Mohajel Shoja M (December 2008). "Acute tubular necrosis after renal allograft segmental infarction: the nephrotoxicity of necrotic material". Exp Clin Transplant. 6 (4): 312–4. PMID 19338495.
  14. ↑ Dorman HR, Sondheimer JH, Cadnapaphornchai P (May 1990). "Mannitol-induced acute renal failure". Medicine (Baltimore). 69 (3): 153–9. PMID 2111870.
  15. ↑ Fakhouri F (May 2007). "[Intravenous immunoglobulins and acute renal failure: mechanism and prevention]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 28 Spec No. 1: 4–6. PMID 17768831.

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