Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions

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Line 59: Line 59:
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
| -
|[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
|[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
|-
|-
Line 83: Line 83:
|Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
|Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
| -
|[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]  
|[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]  
|-
|-
Line 107: Line 107:
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
| -
| -
| -
|-
|-
Line 125: Line 125:
|↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
|↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
|Not applicable
|Not applicable
|↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
|↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],  
|Not applicable
|↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
|[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
|[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
|[[Pulmonary edema]]
|[[Pulmonary edema]]
Line 135: Line 135:
|-
|-
|[[Dehydration|'''Dehydration''']]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5928490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dossetor JB |title=Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1287–99 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5928490 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2198971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskett PJ |title=ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock |journal=BMJ |volume=300 |issue=6737 |pages=1453–7 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2198971 |pmc=1663124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Dehydration|'''Dehydration''']]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5928490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dossetor JB |title=Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1287–99 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5928490 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2198971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskett PJ |title=ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock |journal=BMJ |volume=300 |issue=6737 |pages=1453–7 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2198971 |pmc=1663124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
- Burns
-Cutaneous loss e.g. sweating
- Inadequate water intake
- Salt-wasting nephropathy
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
Line 152: Line 145:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
|
|↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
* Elevated [[BUN]]
|[[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑Urine specific gravity
* Elevated [[creatinine]]
|↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
|
|[[Hypoglycemia]]  
* Serum [[sodium]] < 135 mmol/l
|Not applicable
* Serum [[chloride]] is decreased
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[potassium]]
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
* [[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]] may be detected
| -
* Urine specific gravity is elevated
| -
|
* Serum [[bicarbonate]] is decreased
* Elevated [[lactate]]
|
* [[Hypoglycemia]] may be detected
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* [[Oral rehydration therapy]] is the usual line of treatment
|-
|-
|'''[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]'''<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21801613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, Vinjé J, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Widdowson MA |title=Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004-2005 |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1381–8 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21801613 |pmc=3381564 |doi=10.3201/eid1708.101533 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29053792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK |title=2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=e45–e80 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29053792 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix669 |url=}}</ref>
|'''[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]'''<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21801613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, Vinjé J, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Widdowson MA |title=Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004-2005 |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1381–8 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21801613 |pmc=3381564 |doi=10.3201/eid1708.101533 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29053792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK |title=2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=e45–e80 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29053792 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix669 |url=}}</ref>
Line 193: Line 169:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]  
* [[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]] may be detected
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[ESR]] may be detected
|Not applicable
|
|[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
* Stool anion gap should be calculated
|Normal
|
|Not applicable
* [[Urine]] may be postive for:
|Not applicable
** [[Ketones]]  
|Not applicable
** Organic acids
| -
** Ester-to-free carnitine ratio
| -
** [[Porphobilinogen]]
** [[Aminolevulinic acid]]  
|
*N/A
|
* Stool pH < 5.5
* Stool culture may be positive for ''[[vibrio]]'' and plesiomonas species, [[Clostridium difficile|''clostridium difficile'']], [[salmonella|''salmonella'']], [[shigella]], [[campylobacter|''campylobacter'']], and  [[Yersinia enterocolitica|''yersinia enterocolitica'']]
* Serotyping for ''[[E. coli]]'' O157:H7
* Enzyme immunoassay may be positive for [[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]  
* Elevated liver [[transaminases]] may be detected
* Elevated pancreatic [[amylase]] and [[lipase]] may be detected
|
* Abdominal [[ultrasound]] may be useful to detect cause
|
* Upper gastrointestinal radiography with follow-through may be useful to detect cause
|
*N/A
|
* Brain MRI may be useful to detect cause
|
* Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be useful to detect cause
|
* Treatment must include volume replacement
|-
|-
|'''[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]'''<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7579079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawaya BP, Briggs JP, Schnermann J |title=Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity: the adverse consequences of altered membrane properties |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=154–64 |date=August 1995 |pmid=7579079 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10390124">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelton A |title=Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=106 |issue=5B |pages=13S–24S |date=May 1999 |pmid=10390124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|'''[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]'''<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref>
- [[ACE inhibitor]]
 
- [[Aminoglycosides]]
 
- [[Amphotericin B]]
 
- [[Contrast medium|Contrast]] material
 
- [[Cyclosporin]]
 
- [[Diuretics]]
 
- [[Digitalis]]
 
- [[Heavy metals]]
 
- [[Indomethacin]]
 
- [[Tacrolimus]]
 
- [[NSAIDs]]


|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
Line 262: Line 194:
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
|
|↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|Ph]]
* Elevated [[BUN]]
|Ingested drug, [[Glucose]], [[Aminoacid]], [[Phosphate]], [[Ketone]], [[Hyaline cast]], [[RBC]]
* Elevated [[creatinine]]
|↑[[Lactate]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]  
* Elevated [[creatine kinase]]
|[[Toxicology]], Rapid [[immunoassay]]  
|
|[[Nephropathy]]
* [[Potassium]] > 5.5 mEq/l with [[ACE inhibitors]]
|Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets  
* [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], and [[hypophosphatemia]] with [[aminoglycosides]]
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
* [[Urine]] sample may detect drug
| -
* [[Glucosuria]], [[aminoaciduria]], [[phosphaturia]], [[ketonuria]], and [[uricosuria]] may be detected
| -
* Urine [[osmolality]] should be calculated
* Urine [[pH]] should be detected
* Bland [[urine]] sediment may be detected
* [[Hyaline cast]]s may be detected
* Granular casts may be detected
* Red blood cell casts may be detected
* Dysmorphic red blood cells may be present
* Red blood cell casts may be detected
* Absence of [[proteinuria]] differentiates between [[acute kidney injury]] and [[acute interstitial nephritis]]
|
* Serum osmolar gap should be calculated
* Elevated [[lactate]] may be detected
* [[Metabolic acidosis]] may be present
|
* Blood [[glucose]] should be measured
* Toxicology screening is crucial in aiding diagnosis
* Rapid immunoassay screens may also aid diagnosis
|
* Useful in drug-induced nephropathies
|
* Some radio-opaque substances may be visualized
* Ingested drug packets may also be visualized
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* [[ECG]] may be helpful in diagnosing [[arrhythmia]]s
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
* May show [[normocytic normochromic anemia]]
|↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
* [[Hematocrit]] may be decreased
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*In uncontrolled bleeding:
|Not applicable
** Elevated [[BUN]]
|Not applicable
** Elevated [[creatinine]]
|Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
|
|Abnormal opacities outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
*N/A
|Entire portal venous system
|
|Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
*N/A
|Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
|
| -
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* Duplex doppler [[ultrasonography]] can determine:
** Velocity and direction of portal flow
** Determine portal vein patency
* Endoscopic [[ultrasonography]] may also be useful
|
* Abnormal opacities representing paraesophageal [[varices]] may be detected outside the [[esophageal]] wall  
* The short or long segment of the descending [[aorta]] may be obliterated
* A posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass may be noted
* A dilated [[azygous vein]] may be noted and is described as a "downhill varix"
* Dilated collaterals may lead to a widened [[superior mediastinum]]
* [[Barium swallow]] demonstrates snake-like filling defects
|
* Can visualize the entire portal venous system
|
* Can visualize the entire portal venous system
* Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
|
* [[Positron emission tomography]] can determine portal hypertension and evaluate [[esophageal varices]]
* A flexible [[endoscope]] may also aid diagnosis
* Bleeding is stopped by [[vasopressin]], balloon tamponade, or [[transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]] to name a few.
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|'''[[Heart disease]]'''<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
|'''[[Heart disease]]'''<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
Line 373: Line 249:
|
|
* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] may be elevated
* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] may be elevated
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
|
|Not applicable
* For [[coronary heart disease]], [[cardiac stress testing]] may be performed:
|Not applicable
* For [[rheumatic heart disease]], the following tests may be performed:
|[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
** [[Throat culture]] may be positive for group A beta hemolytic [[streptococci]]
| -
** Rapid antigen detection test may be positive for  group A streptococcal antigen
** Antistreptococcal antibodies may be detected
** Heart reactive antibodies may be detected against M protein
** Rapid detection test for D8/17 B cell markers
* Hyperoxia test can distinguish cardiac from non - cardiac causes of [[cyanosis]]
* [[Pulse oximetry]] is useful in congenital heart diseases
|
* [[Ultrasound]] visualizes anatomy of the heart and in particular, the chambers and chamber flow
|
* May visualize heart anatomy and vessels such as:
** [[Cardiomegaly]]
** [[Dextrocardia]]
** Abnormal cardiac silhouette
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* [[ECG]] may demonstrate:
** [[Arrhythmias]] such as:
*** [[Sinus tachycardia]]
*** Multifocal atrial [[tachycardia]]
*** [[Prolonged PR interval]] in [[atrioventricular block]]
*** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
*** [[Atrial flutter]]
** [[Pericarditis]] by ST segment elevation mostly in lead II, III, aVF, and V4 - V6
* [[Echocardiography]] may detect the following:
** [[Ventricular dysfunction]]
** Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
** Chronic mitral valve disease  
** [[Mitral stenosis]]
** [[Mitral insufficiency]]
** Left atrial dilation
** Left atrial enlargement
** [[Aortic stenosis]]
** [[Aortic insufficiency]]
** [[Tricuspid insufficiency]]
** [[Pulmonary stenosis]]
** [[Pulmonary insufficiency]]
|
* History and physical examination (auscultation of the heart) are important for diagnosis
|-
|-
|[[Hemorrhage|'''Hemorrhage''']]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suchman AL, Griner PF |title=Diagnostic uses of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=810–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706933 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3541576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greenberg CS, Devine DV, McCrae KM |title=Measurement of plasma fibrin D-dimer levels with the use of a monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=94–100 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3541576 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hemorrhage|'''Hemorrhage''']]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suchman AL, Griner PF |title=Diagnostic uses of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=810–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706933 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3541576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greenberg CS, Devine DV, McCrae KM |title=Measurement of plasma fibrin D-dimer levels with the use of a monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=94–100 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3541576 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
* May indicate [[normocytic normochromic anemia]]
|↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
* [[Prothrombin time]], [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] and [[bleeding time]] may be elevated
|↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
|
|Not applicable
* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] is elevated in severe [[hemorrhage]]
|[[Metabolic acidosis]]
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
|
|Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
*N/A
|Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
|
|Not applicable
* [[pH]] may be 7.30-7.35 with mild to severe [[metabolic acidosis]]
|Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
* Serum [[sodium]] and [[chloride]] may become elevated with high volume isotonic saline
| -
* [[Hyperchloremia]] may cause a non–ion gap [[acidosis]]
* [[Hypocalemia]] may occur with rapid [[blood transfusion]]
|
*N/A
|
* Sensitive to [[bleeding]] within body cavities
* [[Focused assessment with sonography for trauma]] ([[FAST]]) can detect peritoneal cavity fluid
|
* Chest x - ray may demonstrate bilateral opacities in the lung field and indicate [[hemothorax]]
* Abdominal x - ray may demonstrate [[hemoperitoneum]]
* Incomplete calcified margins of a dilated aorta may indicate a ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]  
* Absence of the psoas shadow may suggest retroperitoneal blood
|
* May visualize intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
* However, [[ultrasound]] is more often used
|
*N/A
|
* Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is often used to visualize the source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI
* [[Colonoscopy]] may be used in the lower GI
* [[Angiography]] and nuclear medicine scanning are also useful in diagnosing the source of [[bleeding]]
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|[[Hemolysis|'''Hemolysis''']]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2436855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stahl WM |title=Acute phase protein response to tissue injury |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |date=June 1987 |pmid=2436855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7411826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conley CL, Lippman SM, Ness P |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with reticulocytopenia. A medical emergency |journal=JAMA |volume=244 |issue=15 |pages=1688–90 |date=October 1980 |pmid=7411826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hemolysis|'''Hemolysis''']]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2436855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stahl WM |title=Acute phase protein response to tissue injury |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |date=June 1987 |pmid=2436855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7411826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conley CL, Lippman SM, Ness P |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with reticulocytopenia. A medical emergency |journal=JAMA |volume=244 |issue=15 |pages=1688–90 |date=October 1980 |pmid=7411826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 483: Line 295:
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
* Elevated or decreased [[mean corpuscular volume]] and [[mean corpuscular hemoglobin]]
|Not applicable
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]  
|Not applicable
* [[Microcytic]] hypochromic [[anemia]]
|Not applicable
* [[Macrocytic anemia]]
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[red blood cell]] distribution width may indicate [[anisocytosis]]
|↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
* [[Reticulocyte]] count may be increased
|[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
| -
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* Peripheral [[blood smear]] may demonstrate:
** Smudge cells
** Small [[lymphocytes]]
** Polychromasia
** [[Spherocyte]]s
** [[Schistocyte]]s
* Serum [[lactate dehydrogenase]] may be elevated
* Serum [[haptoglobin]] may be decreased
* Unconjugated or indirect [[bilirubin]] may be elevated
* The following tests may also aid diagnosis:
** Direct antiglobulin test
** [[Urine]] free [[hemoglobin]] test
** [[Urine]] [[hemosiderin]] test
** [[Red blood cell]] survival test
** Cold agglutinin titer
** [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] screen
** Sickle cell screen
|
** May visualize [[hepatomegaly]] or [[splenomegal]]y or [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|[[Hepatorenal syndrome|'''Hepatorenal syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17389705">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V |title=Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1310–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17389705 |pmc=1954971 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.107789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25638527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, Moreau R, Jalan R, Sarin SK, Piano S, Moore K, Lee SS, Durand F, Salerno F, Caraceni P, Kim WR, Arroyo V, Garcia-Tsao G |title=Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=968–74 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25638527 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Hepatorenal syndrome|'''Hepatorenal syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17389705">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V |title=Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1310–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17389705 |pmc=1954971 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.107789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25638527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, Moreau R, Jalan R, Sarin SK, Piano S, Moore K, Lee SS, Durand F, Salerno F, Caraceni P, Kim WR, Arroyo V, Garcia-Tsao G |title=Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=968–74 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25638527 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 |url=}}</ref>
Line 540: Line 319:
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
|[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
* [[Leukocytosis]] may indicate [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]  
|↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
|
|↓[[Sodium|Na]]
* Reduced [[glomerular filtration rate]]  
|[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
* Serum [[creatinine]] > 1.5 mg/dL or 24 - hour [[creatinine]] clearance < 40 mL/min
|Not applicable
|
|[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
* Serum [[sodium]] < 130 mEq/L
|Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
|
|Not applicable
* [[Proteinuria]] < 500 mg/d
|Not applicable
* Urine volume < 500 mL/d
|Not applicable
* Urine [[sodium]] < 10 mEq/L
|Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
* [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
| -
* Urine [[red blood cell]] count < 50 per high-power field
|
*N/A
|
* Prolonged [[prothrombin time]]
* [[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]] may be positive
* [[Cryoglobulinemia]] may be seen
|
* Abdominal ultrasound used to exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* [[Echocardiography]] is used to evaluate right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|[[Cardiomyopathy|'''Ischemic cardiomyopathy''']]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17916581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A |title=Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17916581 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17468391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F |title=Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology |journal=Circulation |volume=115 |issue=17 |pages=2358–68 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17468391 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Cardiomyopathy|'''Ischemic cardiomyopathy''']]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17916581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A |title=Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17916581 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17468391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F |title=Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology |journal=Circulation |volume=115 |issue=17 |pages=2358–68 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17468391 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485 |url=}}</ref>
Line 583: Line 343:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
|[[Anemia]]
* In high [[cardiac output]], [[anemia]] may be detected
|↑[[Cr]]
|
|↓[[Sodium|Na]],  ↓[[Potassium|K]],  ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
* Elevated [[creatinine]]
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
* Serum [[sodium]] may be decreased
|[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
* Serum [[postassium]] may be chronically low
|Not applicable
* Serum [[magnesium]] may be decreased
|Abnormal cardiac silhouette
|
|Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*N/A
|Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
|
|Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in echocardiography
*N/A
| -
|
* [[Cardiac enzyme]]s may be elevated indicating a recent [[myocardial infarction]], and include:
** [[Troponin]]
** [[Creatine kinase]]  
** [[Creatine kinase]] - MB
* B-type natriuretic peptide level reflects volume status
|
*N/A
|
* May detect abnormal cardiac silhouette
|
* CT with [[angiography]] can detect the following:
** Biventricular volume  
** [[Ejection fraction]]
** Wall motion
** Myocardial perfusion
** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
** Left ventricular noncompaction
** Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
** Congenital malformation
|
* MRI with gadolinium–diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can evaluate mid-wall fibrosis
|
* Echocardiography is the gold standard in diagnosis and indicates an [[ejection fraction]] ≤35%
* Echo may also diagnose [[pulmonary embolism]], right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade  
* Electrocardiogram is useful in detecting;
** Left ventricular enlargement
** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
** Premature ventricular complexes
** Left ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
** Left bundle-branch block
** [[Atrioventricular block]]
* Right-sided heart catheterization can determine volume status
* Endomyocardial biopsy may also be helpful in diagnosis
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|[[ Liver cirrhosis| '''Liver cirrhosis''']]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3532188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G, Fico P, de Stefano G, Finelli L, Scala V, Tarantino L, Pierri P, Pesce G |title=Cirrhosis: value of caudate to right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US |journal=Radiology |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=443–5 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3532188 |doi=10.1148/radiology.161.2.3532188 |url=}}</ref>
|[[ Liver cirrhosis| '''Liver cirrhosis''']]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3532188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G, Fico P, de Stefano G, Finelli L, Scala V, Tarantino L, Pierri P, Pesce G |title=Cirrhosis: value of caudate to right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US |journal=Radiology |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=443–5 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3532188 |doi=10.1148/radiology.161.2.3532188 |url=}}</ref>
Line 643: Line 367:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|[[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio
|
|Portal blood flow velocity, [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, [[Ascites]], [[Splenomegaly]]
*N/A
|[[Bowel perforation]], [[Gynecomastia]], [[Azygos vein]] enlargement, [[Pleural effusion]]
|
|Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
*N/A
|Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Steatosis]]
|
|[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[Hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in angiography
* Liver function testing is crucial for diagnosis
|Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
* The following serologic tests are used as indirect markers of [[fibrosis]]:
** [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio  
** FibroTest/FibroSure
** Hepascore
** FibroSpect
|
* Doppler ultrasound may demonstrate:
** Portal blood flow and flow velocity
** [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement
** Vascular resistance
** Multifocal or focal lesions or masses
** Hepatic contour
** Hepatic texture
** Portal collaterals
** [[Ascites]]  
** [[Splenomegaly]]
** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
|
* May demonstrate  the following:
** [[Ascites]]
** [[Bowel perforation]]
** [[Gynecomastia]] (enlargement of breast tissue)
** [[Azygos vein]] enlargement  
** Variceal hemorrhage
** [[Pleural effusion]]  
|
* CT can detect the following:
** Morphologic changes in the liver
** Collaterals and shunts
** Lesions
** Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]]
** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
** [[Splenomegaly]] and gallbladder enlargement
|
* MRI can detect the following:
** Morphologic changes in the liver
** Vacular patency
** Lesions
** Tumor invasion
** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
** [[Splenomegaly]] and gallbladder enlargement
** [[Steatosis]]
|
* Nuclear imaging can determine hepatic function and [[portal hypertension]]
* [[Angiography]] can determine hepatic perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s
|
* [[Liver cirrhosis]] is irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
|-
|-
|[[Malignant hypertension|'''Malignant hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Malignant hypertension|'''Malignant hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:02, 11 May 2018

Classification by etiology Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Comments
Symptoms and signs Lab findings Imaging
Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Hematuria/

Proteinuria

Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other
Prerenal Alcohol poisoning[1][2][3][4] + - +/- - +/- + +/- - - - ↑PT ↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol) ↓Na Not applicable ↓HCO3 LFT Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
Aspergillosis[5][6][7] +/- - - - - - - +/- - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae Not applicable Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma Not applicable - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Cholera[8][9][9][10] +/- + - - - +/- + - - - Leukocytosis, ↑HCT ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg Not applicable ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3 Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Congestive heart failure (CHF)[11][12][13][14][15][16] + - - - - - + - - + Anemia, Leukocytosis ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑K Not applicable ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema Not applicable Valvular heart disease Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging Not applicable
Dehydration[17][18][19][20] + + - +/- - +/- +/- - - - Not applicable ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity ↑Lactate, ↓HCO3 Hypoglycemia Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Diarrhea and/or vomiting[21][22][23][24] +/- +/- - - - + + - - - Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR Not applicable Not applicable Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid Not applicable Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase Normal Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable - -
Drugs/toxins[25][26] +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- Not applicable ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK ↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓Ph Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC ↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay Nephropathy Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets Not applicable Not applicable - -
Esophageal varices bleeding[27][28] +/- - - - +/- - - - - - Normocytic normochromic anemia ↑BUN, ↑Cr Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Velocity and direction of portal flow Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein Entire portal venous system Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects -
Heart disease[29][30]

-Congenital

-Acquired

+/- - - - - - - +/- - +/- Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia Not applicable Not applicable Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography -
Hemorrhage[31][32][33][34] - - - - - - - - - - Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca Not applicable Metabolic acidosis Not applicable Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding Not applicable Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography -
Hemolysis[35][36][37][38] +/- - - - - - - - +/- - Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable -
Hepatorenal syndrome[39][40][41][42] +/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- +/- Leukocytosis, ↑PT ↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr ↓Na Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality Not applicable Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography -
Ischemic cardiomyopathy[43][44][45][46] +/- - - - - - - +/- - +/- Anemia ↑Cr ↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg Not applicable Not applicable Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP Not applicable Abnormal cardiac silhouette Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography -
Liver cirrhosis[47][48][49] +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - - +/- Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
Malignant hypertension[50][51] +/- - + - - +/- - +/- - +/- -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Electrocardiography may indicate the following:
    • Ischemia
    • Infarct
    • Evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose
  • Echocardiography may indicate the following:
  • N/A
  1. ↑ Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R (December 2004). "Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey". Am. J. Med. 117 (11): 863–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042. PMID 15589492.
  2. ↑ Cherpitel CJ (March 1989). "Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions". J. Stud. Alcohol. 50 (2): 155–61. PMID 2927129.
  3. ↑ Yost DA (December 2002). "Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Be prepared to consider clinical dilemmas". Postgrad Med. 112 (6): 14–6, 21–2, 25–6. PMID 12510444.
  4. ↑ Boba A (July 1999). "Management of acute alcoholic intoxication". Am J Emerg Med. 17 (4): 431. PMID 10452451.
  5. ↑ Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (April 2002). "Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (7): 909–17. doi:10.1086/339202. PMID 11880955.
  6. ↑ Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP (September 2006). "Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (5): 577–84. doi:10.1086/505870. PMID 16886149.
  7. ↑ Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Lengerke C, Claussen CD, Vonthein R, Pfannenberg C (September 2005). "Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome?". Eur J Radiol. 55 (3): 437–44. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.001. PMID 16129254.
  8. ↑ Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB (November 2009). "Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (10): 1473–9. doi:10.1086/644779. PMC 2783773. PMID 19842974.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.
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