Metabolic alkalosis causes: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Metabolic alkalosis}} {{CMG}}; {{AE}} ==Overview== Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3]. OR Common causes of [disease] include [cause..." |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]]. | The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
There are several causes of metabolic alkalosis. | |||
Life threatening causes of severe [[Metabolic alkalosis|metabolic alkalosis (]]<nowiki/>pH 7.55 to 7.65) may result in death (45% to 80%) or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.<ref name="pmid20436691">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tripathy S |title=Extreme metabolic alkalosis in intensive care |journal=Indian J Crit Care Med |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=217–20 |date=October 2009 |pmid=20436691 |pmc=2856150 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.60175 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Gastric acidity reduced|Loss of gastric acid]] | |||
* | *[[Loop diuretics|Loop]] or [[thiazide diuretics]] | ||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
*'''[[Chloride]] depletion''' o[[Gastrointestinal|r '''Gastrointestinal''']] '''loss of [[hydrogen]]''' | |||
**[[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] loss: [[Vomiting]] (most commonly seen in [[pyloric stenosis]]), [[Nasogastric tube|NG suction]] , [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger-ellison]] syndrome, [[Bulimia nervosa|Bulimia]].<ref name="pmid1928424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galla JH, Gifford JD, Luke RG, Rome L |title=Adaptations to chloride-depletion alkalosis |journal=Am J Physiol |volume=261 |issue=4 Pt 2 |pages=R771–81 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1928424 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.4.R771 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Diuretic|Diuretics]]: [[Loop diuretic|Loop]] and [[thiazide diuretics]]. | |||
**[[Diarrhea]] | |||
**[[Cystic fibrosis]].<ref name="pmid7618650">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedroli G, Liechti-Gallati S, Mauri S, Birrer P, Kraemer R, Foletti-Jäggi C, Bianchetti MG |title=Chronic metabolic alkalosis: not uncommon in young children with severe cystic fibrosis |journal=Am J Nephrol |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=245–50 |date=1995 |pmid=7618650 |doi=10.1159/000168839 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Chloride]] deficient [[Infant formula|infant formula.]] | |||
*'''[[Potassium]] depletion''' or '''[[Mineralocorticoids]] excess''' or '''[[Renal]] loss of [[hydrogen]]''' | |||
**Dietary [[potassium]] depletion.<ref name="pmid8648937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sabatini S |title=The cellular basis of metabolic alkalosis |journal=Kidney Int |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=906–17 |date=March 1996 |pmid=8648937 |doi=10.1038/ki.1996.125 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Primary Hyperaldosteronism|Primary hyperaldosteronism]]: [[Conn syndrome]] or [[adenoma]], [[hyperplasia]], [[carcinoma]], [[renin]] or [[glucocorticoid]] responsive. | |||
**[[Secondary hyperaldosteronism]]: [[Renovascular hypertension|Reno vascular hypertension]], [[edema]] ([[cirrhosis]], [[heart failure]], [[Nephrotic syndrome|nephrotic syndrome)]], [[Juxtaglomerular apparatus|juxtaglomerular cell]]([[Renin-secreting tumors|renin producing) tumor]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[nephroblastoma]] | |||
**[[Mineralocorticoid]] excess due to primary decorticosterone excess ([[11β-hydroxylase deficiency|11 beta]], [[17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency|17 alpha hydroxylase deficienc]]<nowiki/>y), [[licorice]]([[glycyrrhetinic acid]]) <ref name="pmid1731223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Cook S, Ulick S, Lalouel JM |title=A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension |journal=Nature |volume=355 |issue=6357 |pages=262–5 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1731223 |doi=10.1038/355262a0 |url=}} | |||
**[[Laxative]] | |||
*'''Reduced [[Glomerular filtration rate]]''' | |||
**[[Chronic kidney disease]] | |||
*'''[[Extracellular fluid|ECF volume]] depletion/ [[Volume depletion|Volume contraction]]''' | |||
**[[Hypovolemia]] or [[Diuresis|massive diuresis]] with [[loop diuretics]]. | |||
*'''Miscellanous''' | |||
**[[Hypercalcemia]] due to [[Milk-alkali syndrome]] or [[bone metastasis]]. | |||
**Massive [[blood transfusion]]. | |||
**[[Acetate]] containing [[Colloid|colloid sollution]]. | |||
**[[Exogenous]] [[alkali]] admintration. | |||
**Combined [[antacid]] and cation exchange resin administration. | |||
**Sodium [[Penicillin|penicillins]]. | |||
===Less common causes=== | |||
**[[Villous adenoma]]<ref name="pmid5927076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Babior BM |title=Villous adenoma of the colon. Study of a patient with severe fluid and electrolyte disturbances |journal=Am J Med |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=615–21 |date=October 1966 |pmid=5927076 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(66)90223-3 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[congenital chloride diarrhea]]<ref name="pmid8896562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Höglund P, Haila S, Socha J, Tomaszewski L, Saarialho-Kere U, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Airola K, Holmberg C, de la Chapelle A, Kere J |title=Mutations of the Down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) gene cause congenital chloride diarrhoea |journal=Nat Genet |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=316–9 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8896562 |doi=10.1038/ng1196-316 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Bartter syndrome|Bartter]] and [[Gitelman syndrome]]. <ref name="pmid9767561">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurtz I |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes |journal=Kidney Int |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=1396–410 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9767561 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00124.x |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Liddle's syndrome|liddle syndrome]]</ref> <ref name="pmid9452995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Warnock DG |title=Liddle syndrome: an autosomal dominant form of human hypertension |journal=Kidney Int |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9452995 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00728.x |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[hemangiopericytoma]] | |||
**Gastrocystoplasty <ref name="pmid7609133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Plawker MW, Rabinowitz SS, Etwaru DJ, Glassberg KI |title=Hypergastrinemia, dysuria-hematuria and metabolic alkalosis: complications associated with gastrocystoplasty |journal=J Urol |volume=154 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=546–9 |date=August 1995 |pmid=7609133 |doi=10.1097/00005392-199508000-00066 |url=}}</ref> | |||
**Post hypercapneic [[metabolic alkalosis]]. | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
Revision as of 03:51, 1 February 2021
|
Metabolic alkalosis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Metabolic alkalosis causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Metabolic alkalosis causes |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Metabolic alkalosis causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Causes
There are several causes of metabolic alkalosis. Life threatening causes of severe metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.55 to 7.65) may result in death (45% to 80%) or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.[1]
Common Causes
- Chloride depletion or Gastrointestinal loss of hydrogen
- GI loss: Vomiting (most commonly seen in pyloric stenosis), NG suction , Zollinger-ellison syndrome, Bulimia.[2]
- Diuretics: Loop and thiazide diuretics.
- Diarrhea
- Cystic fibrosis.[3]
- Chloride deficient infant formula.
- Potassium depletion or Mineralocorticoids excess or Renal loss of hydrogen
- Dietary potassium depletion.[4]
- Primary hyperaldosteronism: Conn syndrome or adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma, renin or glucocorticoid responsive.
- Secondary hyperaldosteronism: Reno vascular hypertension, edema (cirrhosis, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome), juxtaglomerular cell(renin producing) tumor, renal cell carcinoma, nephroblastoma
- Mineralocorticoid excess due to primary decorticosterone excess (11 beta, 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency), licorice(glycyrrhetinic acid) Closing
</ref>missing for<ref>tag - congenital chloride diarrhea[5]
- Bartter and Gitelman syndrome. [6]
- liddle syndrome</ref> [7]
- hemangiopericytoma
- Gastrocystoplasty [8]
- Post hypercapneic metabolic alkalosis.
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- ↑ Tripathy S (October 2009). "Extreme metabolic alkalosis in intensive care". Indian J Crit Care Med. 13 (4): 217–20. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.60175. PMC 2856150. PMID 20436691.
- ↑ Galla JH, Gifford JD, Luke RG, Rome L (October 1991). "Adaptations to chloride-depletion alkalosis". Am J Physiol. 261 (4 Pt 2): R771–81. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.4.R771. PMID 1928424.
- ↑ Pedroli G, Liechti-Gallati S, Mauri S, Birrer P, Kraemer R, Foletti-Jäggi C, Bianchetti MG (1995). "Chronic metabolic alkalosis: not uncommon in young children with severe cystic fibrosis". Am J Nephrol. 15 (3): 245–50. doi:10.1159/000168839. PMID 7618650.
- ↑ Sabatini S (March 1996). "The cellular basis of metabolic alkalosis". Kidney Int. 49 (3): 906–17. doi:10.1038/ki.1996.125. PMID 8648937.
- ↑ Höglund P, Haila S, Socha J, Tomaszewski L, Saarialho-Kere U, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Airola K, Holmberg C, de la Chapelle A, Kere J (November 1996). "Mutations of the Down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) gene cause congenital chloride diarrhoea". Nat Genet. 14 (3): 316–9. doi:10.1038/ng1196-316. PMID 8896562.
- ↑ Kurtz I (October 1998). "Molecular pathogenesis of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes". Kidney Int. 54 (4): 1396–410. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00124.x. PMID 9767561.
- ↑ Warnock DG (January 1998). "Liddle syndrome: an autosomal dominant form of human hypertension". Kidney Int. 53 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00728.x. PMID 9452995.
- ↑ Plawker MW, Rabinowitz SS, Etwaru DJ, Glassberg KI (August 1995). "Hypergastrinemia, dysuria-hematuria and metabolic alkalosis: complications associated with gastrocystoplasty". J Urol. 154 (2 Pt 1): 546–9. doi:10.1097/00005392-199508000-00066. PMID 7609133.