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|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Diseases
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Diseases
| colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
|-
|-
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
|-
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! rowspan="7" |[[Renal]] and [[adrenal disorders]]
! rowspan="7" |[[Renal]] and [[adrenal disorders]]
![[Bartter syndrome]]
![[Bartter syndrome]]
|+
!+
|-
!-
|+
!+
|-
!-
|+/-
!+/-
|Normal or ↓
!Normal or ↓
|-
!-
|-
!-
|-
!-
|[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
![[Metabolic alkalosis]]
|↓[[Potassium|K]]
!↓[[Potassium|K]]
|↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]]
!↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]]
|-
!-
|Normal  
!Normal  
|
!
|-
!-
|
!
|[[Mental retardation]], [[Sensorineural hearing loss]]
![[Mental retardation]], [[Sensorineural hearing loss]]
|-
|-
![[Gitelman syndrome]]
![[Gitelman syndrome]]
|+
!+
|-
!-
|+
!+
|-
!-
|+
!+
|Normal  
!Normal  
|-
!-
|-
!-
|-
!-
|[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
![[Metabolic alkalosis]]
|↓[[Potassium|K]]
!↓[[Potassium|K]]
|↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Ca]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]]
!↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Ca]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]]
|-
!-
|Normal  
!Normal  
|
!
|-
!-
|
!
|[[Growth retardation]], [[Tetany]], [[Muscle cramps|Muscle cramp]]
![[Growth retardation]], [[Tetany]], [[Muscle cramps|Muscle cramp]]
|-
|-
![[Liddle syndrome]]
![[Liddle syndrome]]
|-
!-
|-
!-
|+/-
!+/-
|-
!-
|-
!-
|↑
!↑
|-
!-
|+/-
!+/-
|
!
|[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
![[Metabolic alkalosis]]
|↓[[Potassium|K]]
!↓[[Potassium|K]]
|↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Sodium|Na]]
!↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Sodium|Na]]
|↓'''[[Plasma renin activity|Plasma renin activity (PRA)]]''', ↓'''[[Aldosterone|Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC)]]'''
!↓'''[[Plasma renin activity|Plasma renin activity (PRA)]]''', ↓'''[[Aldosterone|Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC)]]'''
|
!
|
!
|-
!-
|
!
|[[Pseudohyperaldosteronism]]
![[Pseudohyperaldosteronism]]
|-
|-
![[Diuretic use]]
![[Diuretic use]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
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!
|
!
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!
|-
|-
![[Hemodialysis]]
![[Hemodialysis]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Primary hyperaldosteronism]]
![[Primary hyperaldosteronism]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Cushing syndrome]]
![[Cushing syndrome]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Gastrointestinal disorders]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Gastrointestinal disorders]]
![[Gastrointestinal bleeding|GI bleeding]]
![[Gastrointestinal bleeding|GI bleeding]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Vomiting]]
![[Vomiting]]
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
!Severe [[diarrhea]]
!Severe [[diarrhea]]
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Villous adenoma]]
![[Villous adenoma]]
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[VIPoma]]
![[VIPoma]]
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Neuropsychiatric|Neuropsychiatric disorders]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Neuropsychiatric|Neuropsychiatric disorders]]
![[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]]
![[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]]
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Central diabetes insipidus]]
![[Central diabetes insipidus]]
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Bulimia nervosa]]
![[Bulimia nervosa]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Anorexia nervosa]]
![[Anorexia nervosa]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
![[Polydipsia|Primary polydipsia]]
![[Polydipsia|Primary polydipsia]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|-
|-
! rowspan="7" |[[Systemic diseases]]
! rowspan="7" |[[Systemic diseases]]
![[Hypothermia]]
![[Hypothermia]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Alcoholism]]
![[Alcoholism]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|
!
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!
|
!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Hypothermia]]
![[Hypothermia]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Hypomagnesemia]]
![[Hypomagnesemia]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Burns]]
![[Burns]]
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
|
!
|-
|-
![[Cystic fibrosis]]
![[Cystic fibrosis]]
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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!
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|}
==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:52, 18 May 2018

Hypokalemia Microchapters

Home

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypokalemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Algorithm

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

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Case #1

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Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypokalemia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypokalemia differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Differentiating Causes of Hypokalemia

Differentiating the diseases that can cause hypokalemia is as following:

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Fatigue Fever Urinary symptoms Blood Pressure Skin lesions Edema Other ABG Electrolytes Urinalysis Other Ultrasonography CT scan Other
Polyuria Oliguria Nocturia
Renal and adrenal disorders Bartter syndrome + - + - +/- Normal or ↓ - - - Metabolic alkalosis ↓K ↑K, ↑Ca, ↑Cl - Normal - Mental retardation, Sensorineural hearing loss
Gitelman syndrome + - + - + Normal - - - Metabolic alkalosis ↓K ↑K, ↓Ca, ↑Cl - Normal - Growth retardation, Tetany, Muscle cramp
Liddle syndrome - - +/- - - ↑ - +/- Metabolic alkalosis ↓K ↑K, ↓Na ↓Plasma renin activity (PRA), ↓Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) - Pseudohyperaldosteronism
Diuretic use
Hemodialysis
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushing syndrome
Gastrointestinal disorders GI bleeding
Vomiting
Severe diarrhea
Villous adenoma
VIPoma
Neuropsychiatric disorders Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Central diabetes insipidus
Bulimia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa
Primary polydipsia
Systemic diseases Hypothermia
Alcoholism
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypothermia
Hypomagnesemia
Burns
Cystic fibrosis

References


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