Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}} | ||
== | == Overview == | ||
Urinary incontinence may have different etiologies depending upon the underlying dysfunction. The various types of urinary incontinence should be differentiated from each other for optimal management. The following table differentiates the various types of urinary incontinence:<ref name="urlpdfs.semanticscholar.org">{{cite web |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0a01/f4ccaf0d943bd1d8d009b9d9ae6de1260511.pdf |title=pdfs.semanticscholar.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702587">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D |title=The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=10 |pages=715–23 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16702587 |pmc=1557357 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18364487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE |title=What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have? |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=12 |pages=1446–56 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18364487 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.12.1446 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9611005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Videla FL, Wall LL |title=Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=965–8 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9611005 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20025027">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A |title=Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence |journal=Neurourol. Urodyn. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–78 |date=2010 |pmid=20025027 |doi=10.1002/nau.20842 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDiagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0415/p543.html#afp20130415p543-b6 |title=Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21075990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank C, Szlanta A |title=Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=1115–20 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21075990 |pmc=2980426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16985854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imam KA |title=The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction |journal=Rev Urol |volume=6 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S38–44 |date=2004 |pmid=16985854 |pmc=1472846 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | Urinary incontinence may have different etiologies depending upon the underlying dysfunction. The various types of urinary incontinence should be differentiated from each other for optimal management. | ||
==Differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence== | |||
'''The following table differentiates the various types of urinary incontinence''':<ref name="urlpdfs.semanticscholar.org">{{cite web |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0a01/f4ccaf0d943bd1d8d009b9d9ae6de1260511.pdf |title=pdfs.semanticscholar.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702587">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D |title=The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=10 |pages=715–23 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16702587 |pmc=1557357 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18364487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE |title=What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have? |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=12 |pages=1446–56 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18364487 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.12.1446 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9611005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Videla FL, Wall LL |title=Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=965–8 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9611005 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20025027">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A |title=Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence |journal=Neurourol. Urodyn. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–78 |date=2010 |pmid=20025027 |doi=10.1002/nau.20842 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDiagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0415/p543.html#afp20130415p543-b6 |title=Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21075990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank C, Szlanta A |title=Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=1115–20 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21075990 |pmc=2980426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16985854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imam KA |title=The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction |journal=Rev Urol |volume=6 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S38–44 |date=2004 |pmid=16985854 |pmc=1472846 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
'''To review differential diagnosis of urge incontinence, click here.''' | |||
'''To review differential diagnosis of stress incontinence, click here.''' | |||
'''To review differential diagnosis of functional incontinence, click here.''' | |||
'''To review differential diagnosis of overflow incontinence, click here.''' | |||
'''To review differential diagnosis of mixed incontinence, click here.''' | |||
{| | {| | ||
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | ||
! | ! rowspan="5" |Category | ||
! rowspan="5" |Diseases | |||
| colspan="4" rowspan="4" |Type of incontinence | | colspan="4" rowspan="4" |Type of incontinence | ||
| colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations''' | | colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations''' | ||
Line 45: | Line 59: | ||
! rowspan="6" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Neurological diseases | ! rowspan="6" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Neurological diseases | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Stroke]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Stroke]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 69: | Line 83: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Alzheimer's disease]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Alzheimer's disease]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 93: | Line 107: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Parkinson's disease]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Parkinson's disease]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 117: | Line 131: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Altered mental status]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Altered mental status]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 141: | Line 155: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Spinal cord injury|Traumatic spinal cord injury]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Spinal cord injury|Traumatic spinal cord injury]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 164: | Line 178: | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Multiple sclerosis | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Multiple sclerosis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 187: | Line 201: | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
|- | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urogenital disorders | ! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urogenital disorders | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |Benign prostatic hyperplasia | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 214: | Line 253: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Genitourinary system|Genitourinary]] [[surgical procedures]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Genitourinary system|Genitourinary]] [[surgical procedures]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 238: | Line 277: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Childbirth|Multiple childbirths]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Childbirth|Multiple childbirths]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 262: | Line 301: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine fibroids]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine fibroids]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 286: | Line 325: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine prolapse]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine prolapse]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 311: | Line 350: | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gastrointestinal diseases | ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gastrointestinal diseases | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Fecal impaction]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Fecal impaction]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 335: | Line 374: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Rectal prolapse]] | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Rectal prolapse]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |- | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
Line 357: | Line 396: | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
|- | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 17:55, 21 May 2018
Urinary incontinence Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Urinary incontinence may have different etiologies depending upon the underlying dysfunction. The various types of urinary incontinence should be differentiated from each other for optimal management.
Differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence
The following table differentiates the various types of urinary incontinence:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
To review differential diagnosis of urge incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of stress incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of functional incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of overflow incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of mixed incontinence, click here.
Category | Diseases | Type of incontinence | Clinical manifestations | Para-clinical findings | Gold standard | Additional findings | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptoms | Physical examination | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab Findings | Imaging | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss of consciousness | Fever | Abdominal pain | Urinary symptoms | Hypertension | Pitting edema | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | Urinalysis | Other | Ultrasonography | CT scan | Other | |||||||||||
Urge | Stress | Functional | Overflow | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | ||||||||||||||||
Neurological diseases | Stroke | + | + | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||
Alzheimer's disease | + | + | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Parkinson's disease | + | + | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Altered mental status | - | - | + | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Traumatic spinal cord injury | - | + | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Multiple sclerosis | + | - | - | + | |||||||||||||||||||
Urogenital disorders | Benign prostatic hyperplasia | + | - | - | + | ||||||||||||||||||
Genitourinary surgical procedures | + | + | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Multiple childbirths | + | + | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Uterine fibroids | - | - | - | + | |||||||||||||||||||
Uterine prolapse | - | + | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
Gastrointestinal diseases | Fecal impaction | - | - | - | + | ||||||||||||||||||
Rectal prolapse | - | - | - | + | |||||||||||||||||||
Type Of Incontinence | Causes | Prevalence | Pathophysiology | History Findings | Signs and symptoms | Management | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urgency | Frequency
(> 8 times/day) |
Dribbling of urine | Amount of dribbling with each episode of incontinence | Ability hold urge | Nocturia | Post-void residual volume | ||||||
Urge incontinence (detrusor instability) |
|
|
|
|
+ | + | - |
|
- | ++ | < 50 ml |
|
Stress incontinence |
|
|
|
|
- | - | + |
|
+ | +/- | < 50 ml |
|
Overflow incontinence |
|
|
|
|
- | - | + |
|
+ | + | > 200 ml |
|
Mixed incontinence (urge and stress) |
|
- |
|
|
+ | +/- | + |
|
+/- | +/- | Variable |
|
Functional incontinence |
|
- |
|
|
- | - | + |
|
+ | + | < 50 ml |
|
References
- ↑ "pdfs.semanticscholar.org" (PDF).
- ↑ Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D (May 2006). "The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (10): 715–23. PMC 1557357. PMID 16702587.
- ↑ Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE (March 2008). "What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have?". JAMA. 299 (12): 1446–56. doi:10.1001/jama.299.12.1446. PMID 18364487.
- ↑ Videla FL, Wall LL (June 1998). "Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies". Obstet Gynecol. 91 (6): 965–8. PMID 9611005.
- ↑ DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A (2010). "Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence". Neurourol. Urodyn. 29 (1): 165–78. doi:10.1002/nau.20842. PMID 20025027.
- ↑ "Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician".
- ↑ Frank C, Szlanta A (November 2010). "Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients". Can Fam Physician. 56 (11): 1115–20. PMC 2980426. PMID 21075990.
- ↑ Imam KA (2004). "The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction". Rev Urol. 6 Suppl 1: S38–44. PMC 1472846. PMID 16985854.