Lower Limb

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Irfan Dotani

General Structures	Bones	List of Muscles	Joints and Ligaments	Arteries	Veins	Nerves
Hip	Ilium, Ischium, Pubic Bone, Acetabulum, Foramen obturatum	Piriformis, Superior gemellus, Inferior gemellus, Tensor fasciae latae, Sartorius, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus	Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament, Hip joint capsule	Gluteal artery, Pudendal artery, Perforating arteries, Femoral artery, Obturator artery	Great saphenous vein, Femoral vein	Saphenous nerve, Obturator nerve, Femoral nerve, Clunial nerve, Sciatic nerve, Cutaneous nerve, Gluteal nerve, Pudendal nerve
Knee	Femur, Tibia, Patella	Quadriceps femoris muscle, Hamstring, Gastrocnemius muscle, Vastus mediali, Vastus lateralis muscle, Popliteus muscle, Soleus muscle, Articularis genus muscle	Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), Medial collateral ligament (MCL), Lateral collateral ligament (LCL), patellofemoral joint, tibiofemoral joint	Genicular artery, Popliteal artery, Tibial artery	Varicose veins, Femoral veins	Sciatic nerve, Tibial nerve, Peroneal nerve,
Ankle	Fibula, Tibula, Talus, Medial malleolus, Lateral malleolus	Anterior tibial, Posterior tibial, Peroneal tibial, Extensors, Flexors	Tibiofibular ligament, Deltoid ligament, Tibiofibular Syndesmosis joint, Motrise Joint, Plantar fascia	Anterior tibial artery, Peroneal (fibular) artery, Anterior medial malieolar artery, plantar artery, communicating branch	Popliteal vein, saphenous vein, femoral vein, Tributaries of LSV	Peroneal vein, Sural nerve, Tibial nerve, Fibular nerve
Thigh	Femur, Tibia, Fibula	Quadriceps femoris muscle, Hamstring, Biceps femoris muscle, Vastus medialis, Adductor longus muscle, Vastus lateralis muscle, Sartorius muscle, Semitendinosus muscle, Semimembranosus muscle, Gracilis muscle, Adductor magnus muscle, Pectineus muscle, Adductor brevis muscle, Illiopsoas, Illiacus muscle, Tensor fasciae latae muscle, External obturator muscle, Quadratus femoris muscle, Articularis genus muscle	Hip joint capsule, Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament	Gluteal artery, Pudendal artery, Perforating arteries, Femoral artery, Obturator artery\	Great saphenous vein, Femoral vein	Saphenous nerve, Obturator nerve, Femoral nerve, Clunial nerve, Sciatic nerve, Cutaneous nerve, Gluteal nerve, Pudendal nerve
Foot	Phalanges, Metatarsals, Cuneiform bones, Cuboid bone, Navicular bone	Abductor hallucis muscle, Extensor digitorum brevis muscle, Flexor digitorum brevis muscle, Tibialis anterior muscle, Extensor hallucis longus muscle, Flexor hallucis brevis muscle, Plantar interossei muscles, Quadratus plantae muscle, Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot, Lumbricals of the hand, Dorsal interossei of the foot, Extensor hallucis brevis muscle	Inferior (Distal) Tibiofibular Joint, Talocalcaneal Joint, Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, Calcaneocuboid Joint, Naviculocuneiform Joint, Cuboideonavicular Joint, Intercuneiform And Cuneocuboid Joints, Tarsometatarsal Joints, Intermetatarsal Joints, Metatarsophalangeal Joints, Interphalangeal Joints, Cuboideonavicular ligament, Intercuneiform ligament, Metatarsal ligament	Dorsalis pedis artery, Posterior tibial artery, Anterior tibial artery, Arcuate artery of the foot, Medial plantar artery, Plantar arc, Deep plantar artery, Plantar metatarsal arteries, Medial tarsal arteries, Proper plantar digital arteries	Superficial dorsal vein, Lateral plantar vein, Saphenous vein, Posterior tibial vein	Lateral plantar nerve, Tibial nerve, Medial plantar nerve, Plantar digital nerves

Lower limb bony structures

	Parts	Function	Image
Hip	Ilium		<figure-inline><figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline>
	Ischium
	Pubic Bone
	Acetabulum
	Foramen obturatum

Lower limb muscles

	Muscle	Function	Insertion/Arise	Innervation	Blood supply	Image
Hip	Piriformis	Part of the lateral rotators of the hip, along with the quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, obturator externus, and obturator internus The piriformis laterally rotates the femur with hip extension and abducts the femur with hip flexion	Arise: The front of the sacrum by three fleshy digitations Attached to the portions of bone between the first, second, third, and fourth anterior sacral foramina, and to the grooves leading from the foramina A few fibers also arise from the margin of the greater sciatic foramen, and from the anterior surface of the sacrotuberous ligament. Insertion The muscle passes out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, the upper part of which it fills It is inserted by a rounded tendon into the upper border of the greater trochanter behind, but often partly blended with, the common tendon of the obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus muscles.	Piriformis nerve: Arise from posterior division of the ventral rami of the first and second sacral nerves	Branches of the internal iliac artery: Inferior gluteal Superior gluteal Internal pudendal arteries	<figure-inline></figure-inline>
	Superior gemellus
	Inferior gemellus
	Tensor fasciae latae
	Sartorius
	Gluteus medius
	Gluteus minimus
	Gluteus minimus