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==Causes==
==Causes==
*It is understood that the main cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis is [[bacterial infection]]<nowiki/>s.<ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7161604">{{cite journal| author=Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 1092-7 | pmid=7161604 | doi= | pmc=491689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7161604  }} </ref>
**[[Staphylococcus aureus]] may account for two-thirds of cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis.
**Other typical organisms include:<ref name="pmid25621244" /><ref name="pmid7161604" />
***[[Streptococcus|Streptococcus species]] (approximately 20% of cases)
***[[Pneumococcus]] (5%)
***[[Gram-negative|Gram-negative species]] such as [[Proteus]]
***[[Haemophilus|Hemophilus]]
***[[Pseudomonas]]
***[[Fusobacterium]]
***[[Bacteroides]]
***[[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive species]] such as [[Corynebacterium]] and [[Actinomyces]]
* In cavernous sinus thrombosis, a blood clot develops in the [[Cavernous sinus|sinus cavernous]] structure to prevent the infection from spreading to brain, but it often blocks the blood flow out of the brain.<ref name="pmid7161604">{{cite journal| author=Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 1092-7 | pmid=7161604 | doi= | pmc=491689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7161604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref>
* Septic cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis are usually caused by central facial infections, especially within the [[danger triangle of the face]] (from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose).<ref name="pmid7161604">{{cite journal| author=Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1982 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 1092-7 | pmid=7161604 | doi= | pmc=491689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7161604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref>
* The main sources of infection include:<ref name="pmid25621244">{{cite journal| author=Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=25621244 | doi=10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4 | pmc=4298578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25621244  }} </ref>
** [[Mastoiditis]]<ref name="pmid7119951">{{cite journal| author=Venezio FR, Naidich TP, Shulman ST| title=Complications of mastoiditis with special emphasis on venous sinus thrombosis. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1982 | volume= 101 | issue= 4 | pages= 509-13 | pmid=7119951 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7119951  }} </ref>
** [[Otitis media]]<ref name="pmid18552016">{{cite journal| author=Kuczkowski J| title=[Thrombophlebitis of venous sinuses in otitis media]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2007 | volume= 61 | issue= 5 | pages= 769-73 | pmid=18552016 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(07)70523-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18552016  }} </ref>
** [[Abscess]]<ref name="pmid24665189">{{cite journal| author=Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, Ram H, Pal US| title=Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess. | journal=Natl J Maxillofac Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 252-5 | pmid=24665189 | doi=10.4103/0975-5950.127664 | pmc=3961908 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24665189  }} </ref>
** [[Cellulitis]]<ref name="pmid28629401">{{cite journal| author=Allegrini D, Reposi S, Nocerino E, Pece A| title=Odontogenic orbital cellulitis associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 164 | pmid=28629401 | doi=10.1186/s13256-017-1309-0 | pmc=5477346 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28629401  }} </ref>
** [[Sinusitis]]<ref name="pmid23497466">{{cite journal| author=Komatsu H, Matsumoto F, Kasai M, Kurano K, Sasaki D, Ikeda K| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by contralateral sphenoid sinusitis: a case report. | journal=Head Face Med | year= 2013 | volume= 9 | issue=  | pages= 9 | pmid=23497466 | doi=10.1186/1746-160X-9-9 | pmc=3605125 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23497466  }} </ref>
** Dental infections or procedures (even a posterior [[Alveolar|superior alveolar nerve]] block entering the [[pterygoid plexus]])<ref name="pmid25247150">{{cite journal| author=Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS et al.| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report. | journal=J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 40 | issue= 4 | pages= 195-8 | pmid=25247150 | doi=10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195 | pmc=4170663 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25247150  }} </ref>
* The other rare causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
**[[Fungal infection]]<nowiki/>s<ref name="pmid23120086">{{cite journal| author=Munjal M, Khurana AS| title=Fungal infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 235-7 | pmid=23120086 | doi=10.1007/BF02974362 | pmc=3451890 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23120086  }} </ref>
**[[Head injury|Severe head injuries]]<ref name="pmid26957825">{{cite journal| author=Ghuman MS, Salunke P, Sahoo SK, Kaur S| title=Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond fractures and hematomas! | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-8 | pmid=26957825 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.173865 | pmc=4766763 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26957825  }} </ref>
**Autoimmune conditions such as [[lupus]]<ref name="pmid28065614">{{cite journal| author=Singh RK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK| title=Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting Feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. | journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 518-522 | pmid=28065614 | doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28065614  }} </ref>
**[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid27146007">{{cite journal| author=López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL| title=Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2017 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 232-236 | pmid=27146007 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27146007  }} </ref>
===Life-threatening Causes===
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.

Revision as of 16:01, 25 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
  • Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]


OR


  • [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
  • [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes


Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

  • Cause 1
  • Cause 2
  • Cause 3
  • Cause 4
  • Cause 5
  • Cause 6
  • Cause 7
  • Cause 8
  • Cause 9
  • Cause 10

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