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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
The majority of patients with TIN from any cause are [[asymptomatic]]; however, vague nonspicific [[Sign and symptom|signs and symptoms]] depend on whether the disease is acute or chronic  may present.
The majority of patients with interstitial nephritis are [[asymptomatic]]. However, nonspecific [[Sign and symptom|signs and symptoms]] may present depending upon underlying etiology and timing of presentation. Non specific symptoms include nausea, vomiting, malaise, and oliguria. Hematuria though not so common is also seen in some patients with interstitial nephritis. Other symptoms of interstitial nephritis include hypersensitivity reaction, such as [[rash]], [[fever]], and [[eosinophilia]].
 
== History ==
Nevertheless, presence of symptoms or signs of a [[hypersensitivity reaction]], such as [[rash]], [[fever]], and [[eosinophilia]] in the history of consumption of the culprit drugs causing AIN should raise the clinical suspicion for drug-induced AIN.
 
In the chronic condition patients may experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss; as well features of electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis may present.  
 
==History and Symptoms==
* The majority of patients with TIN are asymptomatic.<ref>Kodner CM, Kudrimoti A. Diagnosis and management of acute interstitial
nephritis. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67:2527</ref> however, when the nonspicific [[Sign and symptom|signs and symptoms]]  do occur they are widely varied and can occur rapidly or gradually.<ref name="pmid11473672">{{cite journal |author=Rossert J |title=Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=804-17 |year=2001 |pmid=11473672 | url=http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v60/n2/full/4492487a.html | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002804.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid14671029">.</ref><ref name="pmid6604293">{{cite journal |author=Pusey C, Saltissi D, Bloodworth L, Rainford D, Christie J |title=Drug associated acute interstitial nephritis: clinical and pathological features and the response to high dose steroid therapy |journal=Q J Med |volume=52 |issue=206 |pages=194-211 |year=1983 |pmid=6604293}}</ref><ref name="pmid3779558">{{cite journal |author=Handa S |title=Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis: report of 10 cases |journal=CMAJ |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=1278-81 |year=1986 |pmid=3779558}}</ref><ref name="pmid2113219">{{cite journal |author=Buysen J, Houthoff H, Krediet R, Arisz L |title=Acute interstitial nephritis: a clinical and morphological study in 27 patients |journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=94-9 |year=1990 |pmid=2113219}}</ref>  When caused by an allergic-type reaction, the symptoms of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis are [[fever]] (27% of patients),<ref name="pmid14671029" /> [[rash]] (15% of patients),<ref name="pmid14671029" /> and [[eosinophilia]] (23% of patients).
* Some people experience [[dysuria]], and lower back pain.  In chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis the patient can experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss.  Other conditions that may develop include [[hyperkalemia]], [[metabolic acidosis]], and [[kidney failure]].
=== History ===
Patients with TIN may have a positive history of:
Patients with TIN may have a positive history of:
* Drugs consumption especially antibiotic as well NSAIDS
* Drugs consumption especially antibiotic as well NSAIDS
* Previous history of allergic drug reaction
* Previous history of allergic drug reaction
* infections
* Infections
* Systemic disease including sarcoidosis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
* Systemic disease including sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
 
== Symptoms ==


=== Common Symptoms ===
=== Common Symptoms ===
Common symptoms of TIN include:
Common symptoms of interstitial nephritis include:
* The acute or subacute onset of nausea, vomiting, and malaise owing to acute renal dysfunction
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Malaise
* Oliguria
* Oliguria
* .Fever
* Fever
* Rash
* Rash


=== Less Common Symptoms ===
=== Less Common Symptoms ===
Less common symptoms of TIN include:
Less common symptoms of interstitial nephritis include:
* Gross hematuria (5% of patients)<ref>Praga M, González E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2010; 77:956</ref>
* Gross hematuria<ref>Praga M, González E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2010; 77:956</ref>
* proteinuria (<1% of patients)<ref>Praga M, González E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2010; 77:956</ref>
* Proteinuria<ref>Praga M, González E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2010; 77:956</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:37, 19 July 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohsen Basiri M.D.

Overview

The majority of patients with interstitial nephritis are asymptomatic. However, nonspecific signs and symptoms may present depending upon underlying etiology and timing of presentation. Non specific symptoms include nausea, vomiting, malaise, and oliguria. Hematuria though not so common is also seen in some patients with interstitial nephritis. Other symptoms of interstitial nephritis include hypersensitivity reaction, such as rash, fever, and eosinophilia.

History

Patients with TIN may have a positive history of:

  • Drugs consumption especially antibiotic as well NSAIDS
  • Previous history of allergic drug reaction
  • Infections
  • Systemic disease including sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Symptoms

Common Symptoms

Common symptoms of interstitial nephritis include:

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Malaise
  • Oliguria
  • Fever
  • Rash

Less Common Symptoms

Less common symptoms of interstitial nephritis include:

  • Gross hematuria[1]
  • Proteinuria[2]

References

  1. ↑ Praga M, González E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2010; 77:956
  2. ↑ Praga M, González E. Acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2010; 77:956

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