Hypercalcemia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Mild hypercalcemia is usually asymptomatic and goes undetected in a large number of patients. Furthermore, it commonly reflects in routine laboratory exams. Hypercalcemia may complicated various organ systems including renal (most commonly), gastroistestinal, and skelatal. Prognosis of hypercalcemia is usually excellent after treatment. | |||
== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis == | == Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis == | ||
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=== Prognosis === | === Prognosis === | ||
* Prognosis of hypercalcemia is usually excellent after | * Prognosis of hypercalcemia is usually excellent after treatment. | ||
* However, untreated hypercalcemia may be fatal.<ref name="pmid3878002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corlew DS, Bryda SL, Bradley EL, DiGirolamo M |title=Observations on the course of untreated primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Surgery |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1064–71 |year=1985 |pmid=3878002 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * However, untreated hypercalcemia may be fatal.<ref name="pmid3878002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corlew DS, Bryda SL, Bradley EL, DiGirolamo M |title=Observations on the course of untreated primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Surgery |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1064–71 |year=1985 |pmid=3878002 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Mild hypercalcemia is usually asymptomatic and goes undetected in a large number of patients. Furthermore, it commonly reflects in routine laboratory exams. Hypercalcemia may complicated various organ systems including renal (most commonly), gastroistestinal, and skelatal. Prognosis of hypercalcemia is usually excellent after treatment.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- Mild hypercalcemia is usually asymptomatic and goes undetected in a large number of patients.[1]
- Hypercalcemia may present in any age group depending on etiology and severity and presents initially with concentration and sleep abnormalities.
Complications
Possible complications include:[1]
Gastrointestinal:
Kidney:
- Calcium deposits in the kidney (nephrocalcinosis)
- Dehydration
- High blood pressure
- Kidney failure
- Kidney stones
Psychological:
- Depression
- Difficulty concentrating or thinking
Skeletal:
- Bone cysts
- Fractures
- Osteoporosis
These complications of long-term hypercalcemia are uncommon today.
Prognosis
- Prognosis of hypercalcemia is usually excellent after treatment.
- However, untreated hypercalcemia may be fatal.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shane, Elizabeth & Irani, Dinaz. (2006). Chapter 26. Hypercalcemia: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Differential Diagnosis, and Management. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism.
- ↑ Corlew DS, Bryda SL, Bradley EL, DiGirolamo M (1985). "Observations on the course of untreated primary hyperparathyroidism". Surgery. 98 (6): 1064–71. PMID 3878002.