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Differential Diagnosis

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	Not applicable	↓HCO3	LFT	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae	Not applicable	Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma	Not applicable	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
	Cholera^[1]	+/-	+	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, Leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑Troponin	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions	Pulmonary edema	Not applicable	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration	+	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid	Not applicable	Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase	Normal	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-

	Drugs/toxins	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC	↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Heart disease	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	Not applicable	Metabolic acidosis	Not applicable	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	Not applicable	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography	-
	Hemolysis	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	Not applicable	Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	Not applicable	Not applicable	Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP	Not applicable	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio	Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection	Not applicable	Not applicable	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-

	Myocarditis	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy	Not applicable
	Peritonitis	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Polycythemia	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism	Not applicable	-	-
	Toxic megacolon	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis, Anemia, ↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Not applicable	Not applicable	Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated colon > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops	Dilated colon, Free intraperitoneal air	Bowel perforation, Abscess	Not applicable	Not applicable	Endoscopy and colonoscopy	-
Etiology		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
Renal causes	Acute interstitial nephritis	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	Not applicable	Eosinophiluria, Sterile pyuria, Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria	Not applicable	↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4	Normal-sized kidneys	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	History of long term analgesic use
	Acute tubular necrosis	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	Not applicable	Not applicable	Obstructive uropathy, Renal size, Cortical thickness, Hydronephrosis	Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, Swollen tubular cells, Loss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy	Furosemide stress testing for staging
	Cancer	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Normocytic or microcytic anemia, Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑Reticulocytes, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Gross hematuria	Not applicable	LFT	Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass	Calcification and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in barium contrast	Metastasis and staging, Cystic and solid masses, Lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	Soft tissue invasion and staging	Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture	Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), Chromophilic (15%), Chromophobic (5%), Oncocytoma (3%), Collecting duct (2%)
	Congenital kidney disease - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	↑HCT	↓GFR	↓P, ↓Ca	Microalbuminuria, Uricosuria	Not applicable	Genetic testing forADPKD2	Visualization of kidney cysts	Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)	Kidney size, Intracranial aneurysms	Not applicable	-	-
	End stage renal disease	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anemia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K	Hypoalbuminuria	↓HCO3	Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Alkaline phosphatase, Parathyroid hormone	Hydronephrosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Enlarged or shrunken kidneys	Obstruction in retrograde pyelogram	Renal masses, stones, and cysts	Renal vein thrombosis, Renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography	Percutaneous renal biopsy	-

	Endogenous toxins - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑Urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, Hematuria, Myoglobinuria, Casts	Not applicable	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, Hydronephrosis, Nephrocalcinosis, Urolithiasis	Not applicable	Urolithiasis, Wilms tumor, Polycystic kidney disease	Not applicable	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
	Glomerulonephritis	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Pleocytosis, Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Specific gravity > 1.020, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Red blood cell casts, White blood cell casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, Blood and tissue culture, Antinuclear antibodies, Cryoglobulins,Hepatitis B and C serologies, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of fibrosis	Pulmonary congestion	Visceral abscesses	-	Renal biopsy, Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
	Goodpasture syndrome	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Low-grade proteinuria, Gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts	Not applicable	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody	Not applicable	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy	-
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, Thrombocytopenia, ↑ aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	Not applicable	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑ Bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, Stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, Swelling of endothelial cells, Fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-
	Nephrolithiasis	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis, ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P, ↑Ca, ↑Urate	Gross or microscopic hematuria, Red blood cells, Urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, Hypercalciuria, Urinary pH > 7 in struvite stones (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), Urinary pH < 5 in uric acid stones	↓HCO3, Renal tubular acidosis	-	All types of stones are visible, Hydronephrosis, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Cholelithiasis	Calcium - containing stones, Uric acid or cystine stones, Stone movement	Stone density, size and composition, Hydronephrosis, Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking	Not applicable	Intravenous pyelography (IVP), Renal tomography, Nuclear renal scan	-

↑ Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.

[pmid4809112-1] Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.

[1]

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-! rowspan="22" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
+! rowspan="24" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]
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 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref>
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+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]
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-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 224: / Line 247: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 247: / Line 270: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 270: / Line 293: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 320: / Line 343: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 343: / Line 366: @@
 | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 366: / Line 389: @@
 | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 389: / Line 412: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 412: / Line 435: @@
 | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
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+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 435: / Line 481: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 458: / Line 504: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 481: / Line 527: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 504: / Line 550: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
@@ Line 527: / Line 573: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
@@ Line 577: / Line 623: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
 |-
-! rowspan="10" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
+! rowspan="11" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 601: / Line 647: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 624: / Line 670: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 647: / Line 693: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), Chromophilic (15%), [[Chromophobic]] (5%), [[Oncocytoma]] (3%), [[Collecting duct]] (2%)
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]
 - [[Agenesis]]
@@ Line 677: / Line 723: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 701: / Line 747: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]
 - [[Hemoglobin]]
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 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal [[biopsy]], Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
@@ Line 798: / Line 867: @@
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 |-
-! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|Renal tomography]], Nuclear renal scan
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 |}
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Sandbox: sadaf: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:55, 23 July 2018

Differential Diagnosis

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