Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura laboratory findings

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sogand Goudarzi, MD [2]

Overview

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal for patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

• CBC shows:
  • Thrombocytopenia (median platelet count 10,000/microL)
  • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia :

Hemolytic anemia
LDH ↑ Indirect bilirubin ↑ Serum haptoglubin ↓ Retic count ↑ Combs tests negative Hb ~7 g/dl, Hct ~21%

• Peripheral blood smear: Schistocytes, including helmet cells and triangular cells, polychromasia, microspherocytes and nucleated RBCs
• Urinalysis: Hematuria, proteinuria
• Serum creatinine: Increased
• Urine output: Decreased
• ADAMTS13 test: ADAMTS13 activity or inhibitor provides information for the diagnosis of the types and causes of TTP;
  • ADAMTS13 activity: Decreased to < 10% during acute episodes of TTP.
  • ADAMTS13 inhibitors test: This test is performed for patients with severe deficiency of ADAMTS13.
• Genetic testing: Should be done in suspected cases of,
  • Positive family history
  • Recurrent episodes
  • Onset during childhood or pregnancy
  • Absence of inhibitors
  • Persistent ADAMTS13 deficiency
• Imaging: In cases with higher suspicion of TTP, imaging is not necessary but with focal neurological signs MRI or CT may be considered
• Blood culture: Patients with fever or signs and symptoms of infections
• Stool exam: Stool culture and toxin evaluation should be considered in patients with diarrhea as one of the main presentation especially bloody diarrhea
• Pathology: Tissue biopsy is not necessary for diagnosis, but it may show classic changes of a thrombotic microangiopathy including platelet microthrombi in small arterioles or capillaries, or hyaline changes in and around vessel walls.