Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of | *Common risk factors in the development of ALS may be [[Occupational safety and health|occupational]], [[Environmental chemistry|environmental]], [[genetic]], and diet. | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include: | *Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include: | ||
**Smoking | **Smoking | ||
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***High level of [[glutamate]] and fat can have adverse effects on ALS patients while [[Omega 3]] fatty acids, [[Vitamin E]], and [[fiber]] can have defensive impact.<ref name="pmid18300717">{{cite journal| author=Morozova N, Weisskopf MG, McCullough ML, Munger KL, Calle EE, Thun MJ et al.| title=Diet and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 324-37 | pmid=18300717 | doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181632c5d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18300717 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16648143">{{cite journal| author=Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Groeneveld GJ, Wunderink W, Koster A, de Vries JH et al.| title=Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E reduces the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-71 | pmid=16648143 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2005.083378 | pmc=2077791 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16648143 }} </ref> | ***High level of [[glutamate]] and fat can have adverse effects on ALS patients while [[Omega 3]] fatty acids, [[Vitamin E]], and [[fiber]] can have defensive impact.<ref name="pmid18300717">{{cite journal| author=Morozova N, Weisskopf MG, McCullough ML, Munger KL, Calle EE, Thun MJ et al.| title=Diet and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 324-37 | pmid=18300717 | doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181632c5d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18300717 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16648143">{{cite journal| author=Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Groeneveld GJ, Wunderink W, Koster A, de Vries JH et al.| title=Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E reduces the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 4 | pages= 367-71 | pmid=16648143 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2005.083378 | pmc=2077791 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16648143 }} </ref> | ||
**Genetic causes<ref name="pmid25361581">{{cite journal| author=Deivasigamani S, Verma HK, Ueda R, Ratnaparkhi A, Ratnaparkhi GS| title=A genetic screen identifies Tor as an interactor of VAPB in a Drosophila model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Biol Open | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 11 | pages= 1127-38 | pmid=25361581 | doi=10.1242/bio.201410066 | pmc=4232771 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25361581 }} </ref> | **Genetic causes<ref name="pmid25361581">{{cite journal| author=Deivasigamani S, Verma HK, Ueda R, Ratnaparkhi A, Ratnaparkhi GS| title=A genetic screen identifies Tor as an interactor of VAPB in a Drosophila model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | journal=Biol Open | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 11 | pages= 1127-38 | pmid=25361581 | doi=10.1242/bio.201410066 | pmc=4232771 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25361581 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:15, 16 October 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of ALS may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and diet.
- Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
- Smoking
- Cigarette smoke has been found to increase the probability of developing ALS through inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity by heavy metals contained in cigarettes.[1][2]
- Chemical exposure
- ALS has shown an association with exposure to agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and formaldehyde.[3]
- Among all the heavy metals that might be associated with ALS, lead exposure seems to be studied the most possibly due to the ALS-like symptoms experienced by people exposed to high concentrations of lead.[4]
- Radiation
- Diet
- Genetic causes[7]
- Smoking
References
- ↑ Wang W, Zhang F, Li L, Tang F, Siedlak SL, Fujioka H; et al. (2015). "MFN2 couples glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in motor neurons". J Biol Chem. 290 (1): 168–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.617167. PMC 4281719. PMID 25416777.
- ↑ Weisskopf MG, Morozova N, O'Reilly EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Thun MJ; et al. (2009). "Prospective study of chemical exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80 (5): 558–61. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.156976. PMC 2765376. PMID 19372290.
- ↑ Welty DF, Schielke GP, Rothstein JD (1995). "Potential treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with gabapentin: a hypothesis". Ann Pharmacother. 29 (11): 1164–7. doi:10.1177/106002809502901118. PMID 8573965.
- ↑ Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, Shefner JM, Hu H, Sandler DP (2002). "Lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Epidemiology. 13 (3): 311–9. PMID 11964933.
- ↑ Morozova N, Weisskopf MG, McCullough ML, Munger KL, Calle EE, Thun MJ; et al. (2008). "Diet and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Epidemiology. 19 (2): 324–37. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181632c5d. PMID 18300717.
- ↑ Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Groeneveld GJ, Wunderink W, Koster A, de Vries JH; et al. (2007). "Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E reduces the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78 (4): 367–71. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.083378. PMC 2077791. PMID 16648143.
- ↑ Deivasigamani S, Verma HK, Ueda R, Ratnaparkhi A, Ratnaparkhi GS (2014). "A genetic screen identifies Tor as an interactor of VAPB in a Drosophila model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Biol Open. 3 (11): 1127–38. doi:10.1242/bio.201410066. PMC 4232771. PMID 25361581.