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* Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA et al.| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-8 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=PMC3542132 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref> | * Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA et al.| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-8 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=PMC3542132 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref> | ||
* In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky. | * In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky. | ||
* Analysis of VP1 Genes of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2). | * Analysis of VP1 Genes of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).<ref name="pmid28298902">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB |title=Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=8 |issue= |pages=257 |date=2017 |pmid=28298902 |pmc=5331033 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA | * All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA<ref name="pmid282989022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB |title=Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=8 |issue= |pages=257 |date=2017 |pmid=28298902 |pmc=5331033 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak. | * In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.<ref name="pmid282989023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB |title=Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=8 |issue= |pages=257 |date=2017 |pmid=28298902 |pmc=5331033 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:51, 1 November 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California. It is a rare disease that has recently become more clinically evident. The most recent outbreak occurred in USA on September 2014; it involved 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
Historical Perspective
- Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California.[1]
- While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus's acid sensitivity.[2][3][4]
- Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame.
- Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.[5]
- In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
- Analysis of VP1 Genes of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).[6]
- All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA[7]
- In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.[8]
References
- ↑ Schieble, JH.; Fox, VL.; Lennette, EH. (1967). "A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases". Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. PMID 4960233. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "A collaborative report: rhinoviruses--extension of the numbering system". Virology. 43 (2): 524–6. 1971. PMID 5543842.
- ↑ Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T (2002). "Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70". J Gen Virol. 83 (Pt 2): 333–40. PMID 11807226.
- ↑ Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S; et al. (2002). "Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis". Intervirology. 45 (3): 136–41. doi:65866 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 12403917. - ↑ Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA; et al. (2012). "Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68". J Gen Virol. 93 (Pt 9): 1952–8. doi:10.1099/vir.0.043935-0. PMC 3542132. PMID 22694903.
- ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). "Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada". Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
- ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). "Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada". Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
- ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). "Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada". Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.