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*Myelofibrosis can also result from exposure to certain toxins, such as benzene, thorium dioxide, nitrosurea, and x- or γ-radiation.<ref name="pmid28715625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I |title=[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch Prev Riesgos Labor |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |date=2017 |pmid=28715625 |doi=10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3789571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu H |title=Benzene-associated myelofibrosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=171–2 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3789571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7703476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J |title=Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=51–2 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7703476 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7695889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Visfeldt J, Andersson M |title=Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide |journal=APMIS |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7695889 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid302634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N |title=Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography |journal=Acta Med Scand |volume=201 |issue=5 |pages=487–9 |date=1977 |pmid=302634 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7393792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH |title=Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=56 |issue=652 |pages=124–7 |date=February 1980 |pmid=7393792 |pmc=2425512 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid748384">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennings RC, Priestley SE |title=Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1125–32 |date=December 1978 |pmid=748384 |pmc=1145517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3742462">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKenney SA, Fehir KM |title=Myelofibrosis following treatment with a nitrosourea for malignant glioma |journal=Cancer |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1426–7 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3742462 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Myelofibrosis can also result from exposure to certain toxins, such as benzene, thorium dioxide, nitrosurea, and x- or γ-radiation.<ref name="pmid28715625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I |title=[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch Prev Riesgos Labor |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |date=2017 |pmid=28715625 |doi=10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3789571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu H |title=Benzene-associated myelofibrosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=171–2 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3789571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7703476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J |title=Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=51–2 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7703476 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7695889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Visfeldt J, Andersson M |title=Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide |journal=APMIS |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7695889 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid302634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N |title=Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography |journal=Acta Med Scand |volume=201 |issue=5 |pages=487–9 |date=1977 |pmid=302634 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7393792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH |title=Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=56 |issue=652 |pages=124–7 |date=February 1980 |pmid=7393792 |pmc=2425512 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid748384">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennings RC, Priestley SE |title=Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1125–32 |date=December 1978 |pmid=748384 |pmc=1145517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3742462">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKenney SA, Fehir KM |title=Myelofibrosis following treatment with a nitrosourea for malignant glioma |journal=Cancer |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1426–7 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3742462 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Infections such as tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and dengue fever, can also cause myelofibrosis.<ref name="pmid25016180">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qing X, Sun N, Yeh J, Yue C, Cai J |title=Dengue fever and bone marrow myelofibrosis |journal=Exp. Mol. Pathol. |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=208–10 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25016180 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21894472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee AC, Fong CM |title=Autoimmune myelofibrosis as the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=809–810 |date=May 2012 |pmid=21894472 |doi=10.1007/s00277-011-1329-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9176580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hashim MS, Kordofani AY, el Dabi MA |title=Tuberculosis and myelofibrosis in children: a report |journal=Ann Trop Paediatr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9176580 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12032901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Viallard JF, Parrens M, Boiron JM, Texier J, Mercie P, Pellegrin JL |title=Reversible myelofibrosis induced by tuberculosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1641–3 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12032901 |doi=10.1086/340524 |url=}}</ref>
*Infections such as tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and dengue fever, can also cause myelofibrosis.<ref name="pmid25016180">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qing X, Sun N, Yeh J, Yue C, Cai J |title=Dengue fever and bone marrow myelofibrosis |journal=Exp. Mol. Pathol. |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=208–10 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25016180 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21894472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee AC, Fong CM |title=Autoimmune myelofibrosis as the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=809–810 |date=May 2012 |pmid=21894472 |doi=10.1007/s00277-011-1329-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9176580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hashim MS, Kordofani AY, el Dabi MA |title=Tuberculosis and myelofibrosis in children: a report |journal=Ann Trop Paediatr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9176580 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12032901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Viallard JF, Parrens M, Boiron JM, Texier J, Mercie P, Pellegrin JL |title=Reversible myelofibrosis induced by tuberculosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1641–3 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12032901 |doi=10.1086/340524 |url=}}</ref>
*Documented cases of myelofibrosis resulting in the setting of autoimmune diseases have also been reported.<ref name="pmid27102067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain N, Sinha R, Sengupta J, Chakrabartty J |title=A rare case of myelofibrosis secondary to juvenile idiopathic arthritis |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=819 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27102067 |doi=10.1111/bjh.14106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28293461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cansu DÜ, Teke HÜ, Korkmaz C |title=A rare cause of cytopenia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Autoimmune myelofibrosis |journal=Eur J Rheumatol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28293461 |pmc=5335895 |doi=10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24371783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorsteinsdottir S, Bjerrum OW, Hasselbalch HC |title=Myeloproliferative neoplasms in five multiple sclerosis patients |journal=Leuk Res Rep |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=61–3 |date=2013 |pmid=24371783 |pmc=3850374 |doi=10.1016/j.lrr.2013.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
*Autoimmunity can also result in myelofibrosis, presenting as an isolated disorder or associated with systemic autoimmune disorders.<ref name="pmid27102067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain N, Sinha R, Sengupta J, Chakrabartty J |title=A rare case of myelofibrosis secondary to juvenile idiopathic arthritis |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=819 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27102067 |doi=10.1111/bjh.14106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28293461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cansu DÜ, Teke HÜ, Korkmaz C |title=A rare cause of cytopenia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Autoimmune myelofibrosis |journal=Eur J Rheumatol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28293461 |pmc=5335895 |doi=10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24371783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorsteinsdottir S, Bjerrum OW, Hasselbalch HC |title=Myeloproliferative neoplasms in five multiple sclerosis patients |journal=Leuk Res Rep |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=61–3 |date=2013 |pmid=24371783 |pmc=3850374 |doi=10.1016/j.lrr.2013.06.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27830539">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abaza Y, Yin CC, Bueso-Ramos CE, Wang SA, Verstovsek S |title=Primary autoimmune myelofibrosis: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Int. J. Hematol. |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=536–539 |date=April 2017 |pmid=27830539 |doi=10.1007/s12185-016-2129-5 |url=}}</ref>
*Primary hyperparathyroidism has caused myelofibrosis in rare cases.<ref name="pmid17988303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim DJ, Oh EJ, Park CW, Kwon HS, Hong EJ, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK |title=Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=464–8 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17988303 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00877.x |url=}}</ref>
*Primary hyperparathyroidism has caused myelofibrosis in rare cases.<ref name="pmid17988303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim DJ, Oh EJ, Park CW, Kwon HS, Hong EJ, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK |title=Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=464–8 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17988303 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00877.x |url=}}</ref>


Revision as of 15:51, 14 November 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [2], Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]

Overview

Myelofibrosis is most commonly caused by somatic mutations in the myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene, the calreticulin (CALR) gene, or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene. Less common mutations in other genes have also been documented. It can also be the result of other primary disorders manifesting as a complication or part of the disease process.

Causes

  • The most common cause of myelofibrosis is somatic mutation in myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene, the calreticulin (CALR) gene, or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene with approximately 90% of the patients carrying one of these mutations.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
  • Less commonly occuring etiliological genetic mutations include the following genes:
  • Additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1)[12]
  • Slicing factor, serine/arginine-rich 2 (SRSF2)
  • Enhancer of zeste, drosophila, homolog 2 (EZH2)
  • Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS)
  • Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)
  • Protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11)
  • GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2)
  • Tumor protein p53 (TP53)
  • Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1)
  • Myelofibrosis can also be caused by malignancies and hematologic disorders such as:
  • Myelofibrosis can also result from exposure to certain toxins, such as benzene, thorium dioxide, nitrosurea, and x- or γ-radiation.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
  • Infections such as tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and dengue fever, can also cause myelofibrosis.[32][33][34][35]
  • Autoimmunity can also result in myelofibrosis, presenting as an isolated disorder or associated with systemic autoimmune disorders.[36][37][38][39]
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism has caused myelofibrosis in rare cases.[40]

References

  1. ↑ Tefferi A (December 2016). "Primary myelofibrosis: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (12): 1262–1271. doi:10.1002/ajh.24592. PMID 27870387.
  2. ↑ Tefferi, A; Lasho, T L; Finke, C M; Knudson, R A; Ketterling, R; Hanson, C H; Maffioli, M; Caramazza, D; Passamonti, F; Pardanani, A (2014). "CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons". Leukemia. 28 (7): 1472–1477. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.3. ISSN 0887-6924.
  3. ↑ Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ; et al. (2005). "Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders". Lancet. 365 (9464): 1054–61. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9. PMID 15781101.
  4. ↑ Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T; et al. (2006). "MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia". PLoS Med. 3 (7): e270. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030270. PMC 1502153. PMID 16834459. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Alshemmari SH, Rajan R, Emadi A (2016). "Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of Driver Mutations in Primary Myelofibrosis: A Review". Med Princ Pract. 25 (6): 501–509. doi:10.1159/000450956. PMC 5588514. PMID 27756071.
  6. ↑ Shammo JM, Stein BL (December 2016). "Mutations in MPNs: prognostic implications, window to biology, and impact on treatment decisions". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016 (1): 552–560. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.552. PMC 6142495. PMID 27913528.
  7. ↑ Li B, Xu J, Wang J, Gale RP, Xu Z, Cui Y, Yang L, Xing R, Ai X, Qin T, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiao Z (November 2014). "Calreticulin mutations in Chinese with primary myelofibrosis". Haematologica. 99 (11): 1697–700. doi:10.3324/haematol.2014.109249. PMC 4222480. PMID 24997152.
  8. ↑ Rotunno G, Pacilli A, Artusi V, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Delaini F, Brogi G, Fanelli T, Pancrazzi A, Pietra D, Bernardis I, Belotti C, Pieri L, Sant'Antonio E, Salmoiraghi S, Cilloni D, Rambaldi A, Passamonti F, Barbui T, Manfredini R, Cazzola M, Tagliafico E, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P (July 2016). "Epidemiology and clinical relevance of mutations in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 359 patients of the AGIMM group". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (7): 681–6. doi:10.1002/ajh.24377. PMID 27037840.
  9. ↑ Song J, Hussaini M, Zhang H, Shao H, Qin D, Zhang X, Ma Z, Hussnain Naqvi SM, Zhang L, Moscinski LC (May 2017). "Comparison of the Mutational Profiles of Primary Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia Vera, and Essential Thrombocytosis". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 147 (5): 444–452. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqw222. PMC 5402718. PMID 28419183.
  10. ↑ Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Biamonte F, Pardanani A, Pereira A, Finke C, Score J, Gangat N, Mannarelli C, Ketterling RP, Rotunno G, Knudson RA, Susini MC, Laborde RR, Spolverini A, Pancrazzi A, Pieri L, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zini R, Jones A, Zoi K, Reiter A, Duncombe A, Pietra D, Rumi E, Cervantes F, Barosi G, Cazzola M, Cross NC, Tefferi A (September 2013). "Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis". Leukemia. 27 (9): 1861–9. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.119. PMID 23619563.
  11. ↑ Tefferi A, Pardanani A (April 2015). "Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Contemporary Review". JAMA Oncol. 1 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.89. PMID 26182311.
  12. ↑ Patel KP, Newberry KJ, Luthra R, Jabbour E, Pierce S, Cortes J, Singh R, Mehrotra M, Routbort MJ, Luthra M, Manshouri T, Santos FP, Kantarjian H, Verstovsek S (August 2015). "Correlation of mutation profile and response in patients with myelofibrosis treated with ruxolitinib". Blood. 126 (6): 790–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-03-633404. PMC 4528066. PMID 26124496.
  13. ↑ Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A (December 2013). "Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage". Mod. Pathol. 26 (12): 1577–85. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2013.109. PMID 23787440.
  14. ↑ Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K (2017). "Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 58 (7): 772–775. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.58.772. PMID 28781273.
  15. ↑ Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH (September 2015). "Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report". Oncol Lett. 10 (3): 1551–1554. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3438. PMC 4533276. PMID 26622707.
  16. ↑ Liu YL, Wang WJ, Wang XN (June 2015). "[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis]". Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 23 (3): 674–8. doi:10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2015.03.014. PMID 26117015.
  17. ↑ Dolgikh TY, Domnikova NP, Tornuev YV, Vinogradova EV, Krinitsyna YM (February 2017). "Incidence of Myelofibrosis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia during Various Phases of Diseases". Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 162 (4): 483–487. doi:10.1007/s10517-017-3645-x. PMID 28239786.
  18. ↑ Zhao J, Ma L, Guan JH (August 2017). "[Pathological Characteristics of Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Secondary Myelofibrosis and Their Relationship with Prognosis]". Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese). 25 (4): 1080–1085. doi:10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.04.021. PMID 28823272.
  19. ↑ Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM (December 2017). "A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis". Leukemia. 31 (12): 2726–2731. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.169. PMID 28561069.
  20. ↑ Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S (August 2017). "Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis". Leuk. Res. 59: 110–116. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001. PMC 5573611. PMID 28601551.
  21. ↑ MARKAND ON (May 1965). "SECONDARY MARBLE BONE DISEASE: GENERALISED OSTEOSCLEROSIS AND MYELOFIBROSIS IN CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE WITH A CASE REPORT". J Assoc Physicians India. 13: 349–55. PMID 14302719.
  22. ↑ Chang JC, Naqvi T (2003). "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis in cancer". Oncologist. 8 (4): 375–80. PMID 12897334.
  23. ↑ Hiwada K, Sera Y, Nishimura M (July 1970). "[Autopsy case of secondary myelofibrosis due to bone marrow metastasis of stomach cancer]". Iryo (in Japanese). 24 (7): 585–90. PMID 5458299.
  24. ↑ Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I (2017). "[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker]". Arch Prev Riesgos Labor (in Spanish; Castilian). 20 (3): 167–169. doi:10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03. PMID 28715625.
  25. ↑ Hu H (January 1987). "Benzene-associated myelofibrosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 106 (1): 171–2. PMID 3789571.
  26. ↑ Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J (February 1995). "Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure". Occup Med (Lond). 45 (1): 51–2. PMID 7703476.
  27. ↑ Visfeldt J, Andersson M (January 1995). "Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide". APMIS. 103 (1): 29–36. PMID 7695889.
  28. ↑ Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N (1977). "Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography". Acta Med Scand. 201 (5): 487–9. PMID 302634.
  29. ↑ Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH (February 1980). "Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis". Postgrad Med J. 56 (652): 124–7. PMC 2425512. PMID 7393792.
  30. ↑ Jennings RC, Priestley SE (December 1978). "Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration". J. Clin. Pathol. 31 (12): 1125–32. PMC 1145517. PMID 748384.
  31. ↑ McKenney SA, Fehir KM (October 1986). "Myelofibrosis following treatment with a nitrosourea for malignant glioma". Cancer. 58 (7): 1426–7. PMID 3742462.
  32. ↑ Qing X, Sun N, Yeh J, Yue C, Cai J (October 2014). "Dengue fever and bone marrow myelofibrosis". Exp. Mol. Pathol. 97 (2): 208–10. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.004. PMID 25016180.
  33. ↑ Lee AC, Fong CM (May 2012). "Autoimmune myelofibrosis as the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infant". Ann. Hematol. 91 (5): 809–810. doi:10.1007/s00277-011-1329-6. PMID 21894472.
  34. ↑ Hashim MS, Kordofani AY, el Dabi MA (March 1997). "Tuberculosis and myelofibrosis in children: a report". Ann Trop Paediatr. 17 (1): 61–5. PMID 9176580.
  35. ↑ Viallard JF, Parrens M, Boiron JM, Texier J, Mercie P, Pellegrin JL (June 2002). "Reversible myelofibrosis induced by tuberculosis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (12): 1641–3. doi:10.1086/340524. PMID 12032901.
  36. ↑ Jain N, Sinha R, Sengupta J, Chakrabartty J (June 2016). "A rare case of myelofibrosis secondary to juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Br. J. Haematol. 173 (6): 819. doi:10.1111/bjh.14106. PMID 27102067.
  37. ↑ Cansu DÜ, Teke HÜ, Korkmaz C (March 2017). "A rare cause of cytopenia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Autoimmune myelofibrosis". Eur J Rheumatol. 4 (1): 76–78. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.011. PMC 5335895. PMID 28293461.
  38. ↑ Thorsteinsdottir S, Bjerrum OW, Hasselbalch HC (2013). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms in five multiple sclerosis patients". Leuk Res Rep. 2 (2): 61–3. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2013.06.004. PMC 3850374. PMID 24371783.
  39. ↑ Abaza Y, Yin CC, Bueso-Ramos CE, Wang SA, Verstovsek S (April 2017). "Primary autoimmune myelofibrosis: a case report and review of the literature". Int. J. Hematol. 105 (4): 536–539. doi:10.1007/s12185-016-2129-5. PMID 27830539.
  40. ↑ Lim DJ, Oh EJ, Park CW, Kwon HS, Hong EJ, Yoon KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK (December 2007). "Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism". Int J Lab Hematol. 29 (6): 464–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00877.x. PMID 17988303.


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