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*'''Age''': Old age seem to be an important risk factor with individuals being in their 50s and 60s.<ref name="pmid15160918">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kreft A, Wiese B, Weiss M, Choritz H, Buhr T, Büsche G, Georgii A |title=Analysis of risk factors of the evolution of myelofibrosis in pre-fibrotic chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis: a retrospective study based on follow up biopsies of 70 patients by using the RECPAM method |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=553–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15160918 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*'''Age''': Old age seem to be an important risk factor with individuals being in their 50s and 60s.<ref name="pmid15160918">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kreft A, Wiese B, Weiss M, Choritz H, Buhr T, Büsche G, Georgii A |title=Analysis of risk factors of the evolution of myelofibrosis in pre-fibrotic chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis: a retrospective study based on follow up biopsies of 70 patients by using the RECPAM method |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=553–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15160918 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*'''Other myeloproliferative disorder''': Other myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, may pave the way for the development of myelofibrosis.<ref name="pmid23787440">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A |title=Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1577–85 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23787440 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2013.109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28561069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM |title=A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2726–2731 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28561069 |doi=10.1038/leu.2017.169 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28601551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S |title=Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leuk. Res. |volume=59 |issue= |pages=110–116 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28601551 |pmc=5573611 |doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29713873">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Mora B, Barraco D, Maffioli M |title=Post-ET and Post-PV Myelofibrosis: Updates on a Distinct Prognosis from Primary Myelofibrosis |journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=173–182 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29713873 |doi=10.1007/s11899-018-0453-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28674362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ikeda K, Ueda K, Sano T, Ogawa K, Ikezoe T, Hashimoto Y, Morishita S, Komatsu N, Ohto H, Takeishi Y |title=The Amelioration of Myelofibrosis with Thrombocytopenia by a JAK1/2 Inhibitor, Ruxolitinib, in a Post-polycythemia Vera Myelofibrosis Patient with a JAK2 Exon 12 Mutation |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=13 |pages=1705–1710 |date=2017 |pmid=28674362 |pmc=5519475 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7871 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28561069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM |title=A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2726–2731 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28561069 |doi=10.1038/leu.2017.169 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28464892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li B, Gale RP, Xu Z, Qin T, Song Z, Zhang P, Bai J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Huang G, Xiao Z |title=Non-driver mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis |journal=J Hematol Oncol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=99 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28464892 |pmc=5414291 |doi=10.1186/s13045-017-0472-5 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Other myeloproliferative disorder''': Other myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, may pave the way for the development of myelofibrosis.<ref name="pmid23787440">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A |title=Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1577–85 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23787440 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2013.109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28561069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM |title=A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2726–2731 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28561069 |doi=10.1038/leu.2017.169 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28601551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S |title=Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis |journal=Leuk. Res. |volume=59 |issue= |pages=110–116 |date=August 2017 |pmid=28601551 |pmc=5573611 |doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29713873">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Mora B, Barraco D, Maffioli M |title=Post-ET and Post-PV Myelofibrosis: Updates on a Distinct Prognosis from Primary Myelofibrosis |journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=173–182 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29713873 |doi=10.1007/s11899-018-0453-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28674362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ikeda K, Ueda K, Sano T, Ogawa K, Ikezoe T, Hashimoto Y, Morishita S, Komatsu N, Ohto H, Takeishi Y |title=The Amelioration of Myelofibrosis with Thrombocytopenia by a JAK1/2 Inhibitor, Ruxolitinib, in a Post-polycythemia Vera Myelofibrosis Patient with a JAK2 Exon 12 Mutation |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=13 |pages=1705–1710 |date=2017 |pmid=28674362 |pmc=5519475 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7871 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28561069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM |title=A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis |journal=Leukemia |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2726–2731 |date=December 2017 |pmid=28561069 |doi=10.1038/leu.2017.169 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28464892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li B, Gale RP, Xu Z, Qin T, Song Z, Zhang P, Bai J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Huang G, Xiao Z |title=Non-driver mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis |journal=J Hematol Oncol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=99 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28464892 |pmc=5414291 |doi=10.1186/s13045-017-0472-5 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Malignancies''': Primary malignancies of different body parts and systems can also act as a significant risk factor myelofibrosis development.<ref name="pmid28781273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K |title=Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=772–775 |date=2017 |pmid=28781273 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.58.772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26622707">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH |title=Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=1551–1554 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26622707 |pmc=4533276 |doi=10.3892/ol.2015.3438 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Malignancies''': Primary malignancies of different body parts and systems can also act as a significant risk factor for myelofibrosis development.<ref name="pmid28781273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K |title=Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=772–775 |date=2017 |pmid=28781273 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.58.772 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26622707">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH |title=Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=1551–1554 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26622707 |pmc=4533276 |doi=10.3892/ol.2015.3438 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Radiation exposure''': Individuals exposed to high levels of [[radiation]] (e.g. Thorotrast) have an increased risk of myelofibrosis.
*'''Radiation exposure''': Individuals exposed to high levels of [[radiation]] (e.g. Thorotrast) have an increased risk of developing myelofibrosis.<ref name="pmid302634">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N |title=Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography |journal=Acta Med Scand |volume=201 |issue=5 |pages=487–9 |date=1977 |pmid=302634 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7393792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH |title=Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=56 |issue=652 |pages=124–7 |date=February 1980 |pmid=7393792 |pmc=2425512 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid748384">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennings RC, Priestley SE |title=Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1125–32 |date=December 1978 |pmid=748384 |pmc=1145517 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*'''Chemicals''': Industrial chemicals, such as toluene and benzene, may have an increased risk of developing myelofibrosis.
*'''Chemical exposure''': Exposure to certain toxins such as benzene and nitrosurea, may act as a risk factor for developing myelofibrosis.<ref name="pmid28715625">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I |title=[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch Prev Riesgos Labor |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–169 |date=2017 |pmid=28715625 |doi=10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3789571">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu H |title=Benzene-associated myelofibrosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=171–2 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3789571 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7703476">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J |title=Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=51–2 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7703476 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7695889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Visfeldt J, Andersson M |title=Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide |journal=APMIS |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |date=January 1995 |pmid=7695889 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:33, 19 November 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]

Overview

Myelofibrosis is a rare disorder and its common risk factors may be age, other myeloproliferative disorders, radiation, or industrial chemical exposure.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of myelofibrosis include:

  • Age: Old age seem to be an important risk factor with individuals being in their 50s and 60s.[1]
  • Other myeloproliferative disorder: Other myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, may pave the way for the development of myelofibrosis.[2][3][4][5][6][3][7]
  • Malignancies: Primary malignancies of different body parts and systems can also act as a significant risk factor for myelofibrosis development.[8][9]
  • Radiation exposure: Individuals exposed to high levels of radiation (e.g. Thorotrast) have an increased risk of developing myelofibrosis.[10][11][12]
  • Chemical exposure: Exposure to certain toxins such as benzene and nitrosurea, may act as a risk factor for developing myelofibrosis.[13][14][15][16]

References

  1. ↑ Kreft A, Wiese B, Weiss M, Choritz H, Buhr T, Büsche G, Georgii A (March 2004). "Analysis of risk factors of the evolution of myelofibrosis in pre-fibrotic chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis: a retrospective study based on follow up biopsies of 70 patients by using the RECPAM method". Leuk. Lymphoma. 45 (3): 553–9. PMID 15160918.
  2. ↑ Boiocchi L, Mathew S, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Radice T, Barouk-Fox S, Knowles DM, Orazi A (December 2013). "Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage". Mod. Pathol. 26 (12): 1577–85. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2013.109. PMID 23787440.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Passamonti F, Giorgino T, Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Rumi E, Maffioli M, Rambaldi A, Caramella M, Komrokji R, Gotlib J, Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Devos T, Palandri F, De Stefano V, Ruggeri M, Silver RT, Benevolo G, Albano F, Caramazza D, Merli M, Pietra D, Casalone R, Rotunno G, Barbui T, Cazzola M, Vannucchi AM (December 2017). "A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis". Leukemia. 31 (12): 2726–2731. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.169. PMID 28561069.
  4. ↑ Masarova L, Bose P, Daver N, Pemmaraju N, Newberry KJ, Manshouri T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S (August 2017). "Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis". Leuk. Res. 59: 110–116. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.001. PMC 5573611. PMID 28601551.
  5. ↑ Passamonti F, Mora B, Barraco D, Maffioli M (June 2018). "Post-ET and Post-PV Myelofibrosis: Updates on a Distinct Prognosis from Primary Myelofibrosis". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 13 (3): 173–182. doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0453-y. PMID 29713873.
  6. ↑ Ikeda K, Ueda K, Sano T, Ogawa K, Ikezoe T, Hashimoto Y, Morishita S, Komatsu N, Ohto H, Takeishi Y (2017). "The Amelioration of Myelofibrosis with Thrombocytopenia by a JAK1/2 Inhibitor, Ruxolitinib, in a Post-polycythemia Vera Myelofibrosis Patient with a JAK2 Exon 12 Mutation". Intern. Med. 56 (13): 1705–1710. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7871. PMC 5519475. PMID 28674362.
  7. ↑ Li B, Gale RP, Xu Z, Qin T, Song Z, Zhang P, Bai J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Huang G, Xiao Z (May 2017). "Non-driver mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis". J Hematol Oncol. 10 (1): 99. doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0472-5. PMC 5414291. PMID 28464892.
  8. ↑ Sakatoku K, Takeoka Y, Araki T, Miura A, Fujitani Y, Yamamura R, Miyagi Y, Senzaki H, Ohta K (2017). "Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma accompanied by myelofibrosis". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 58 (7): 772–775. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.58.772. PMID 28781273.
  9. ↑ Fu R, Yu H, Wu YH, Liu H, Shao ZH (September 2015). "Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report". Oncol Lett. 10 (3): 1551–1554. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3438. PMC 4533276. PMID 26622707.
  10. ↑ Brandt L, Emanuelsson H, Mitelman F, Stenstam M, Söderström N (1977). "Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography". Acta Med Scand. 201 (5): 487–9. PMID 302634.
  11. ↑ Arnold AG, Oelbaum MH (February 1980). "Thorotrast administration followed by myelofibrosis". Postgrad Med J. 56 (652): 124–7. PMC 2425512. PMID 7393792.
  12. ↑ Jennings RC, Priestley SE (December 1978). "Haemangioendothelioma (Kupffer cell angiosarcoma), myelofibrosis, splenic atrophy, and myeloma paraproteinaemia after parenteral thorotrast administration". J. Clin. Pathol. 31 (12): 1125–32. PMC 1145517. PMID 748384.
  13. ↑ Bausà R, Navarro L, Cortès-Franch I (2017). "[Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker]". Arch Prev Riesgos Labor (in Spanish; Castilian). 20 (3): 167–169. doi:10.12961/aprl.2017.20.3.03. PMID 28715625.
  14. ↑ Hu H (January 1987). "Benzene-associated myelofibrosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 106 (1): 171–2. PMID 3789571.
  15. ↑ Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J (February 1995). "Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure". Occup Med (Lond). 45 (1): 51–2. PMID 7703476.
  16. ↑ Visfeldt J, Andersson M (January 1995). "Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide". APMIS. 103 (1): 29–36. PMID 7695889.

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