Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]

Overview

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.

Risk Factors

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are: , , , , , radiation exposure, infections ( HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni), previous cancer treatment, exposure to chemicals and drugs (pesticides,methotrexate,tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, trichloroethylene, cigarette smoking for ≥ 40 years, diet, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, hair dyes, occupational exposures (hairdresser, farmer), and breast implants.

Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Known risk factors	Factors that Decrease risk
age (above 60 years)
ethnicity (Caucasians more than African and Asian Americans)
positive family history of first degree relative with non-Hodgkin lymphoma
weakened immune system ( gentic diseases like ataxia telangectasia or infection like HIV)
B-cell activating autoimmune disorders

A. Known risk factors

• The likelihood of getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age and is more common in men than in women.

1. Weakened immune system

• a. Congenital immune system damage

• Inherited disorders

• Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
• Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
• X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder

• b. Acquired immune system damage

• Acquired disorders

• Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
• HIV and AIDS

• Immunosuppressant drugs for

• Organ transplant (such as a kidney, heart or liver transplant)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

2. Autoimmune disorders

• Sjogren’s syndrome

• Linked with marginal cell lymphoma
• Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
• Linked with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

• Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

• Celiac disease

• Linked with a higher risk for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)

• Hashimotos thyroiditis

• Linked with a higher risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma

3. Certain infections

• Viral infection

• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

• Causes infectious mononucleosis
• Occur most commonly in Africa
• Linked to Burkitt lymphoma

• Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 (HTLV-1)

• Most common in southern Japan and the Caribbean
• Risk of developing adult T-cell lymphoma and leukemia

• Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

• Linked with primary effusion lymphoma, body cavity lymphoma and AIDS-related lymphoma

• Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)

• Higher risk of developing some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

• Bacterial infection

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

• Linked with gastric lymphomas, particularly mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)

• Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)

• Linked with a mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)

4. Previous cancer treatment

• People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy
• People who have been treated for cancer have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma for the rest of their lives
• The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is greatest in the first 5 years after treatment

B. Possible risk factors

• 1. Family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not generally considered to be familial, which means occurring in families more often than would be expected by chance
• Higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, sister or child) who has been diagnosed with lymphoma

• 2. Exposure to pesticides

• Exposure to certain pesticides, such as Agent Orange, may be linked with a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma

• 3. Exposure to trichloroethylene

• Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used mostly to remove grease from metal
• Exposure to TCE may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma

• 4. Diet

• Diets high in meat, dairy products and saturated fat may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Diets low in vegetables increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

• 5. Obesity

• May increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly large B-cell lymphoma

• 6. Hair dyes

• Higher risk in people who used hair dye before 1980
• Risk affects people who used permanent dyes with dark colors in particular
• Risk may also be higher in hair dressers and barbers, who were exposed to the dye at work

• 7. Occupational exposures

• Farming
• Rubber industry
• Wood and forestry
• Printing
• Welding

References

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