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The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, [[autoimmune disorders]], certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to [[pesticides]], exposure to [[trichloroethylene]], [[diet]], [[obesity]], hair dyes, and occupational exposures. | The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, [[autoimmune disorders]], certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to [[pesticides]], exposure to [[trichloroethylene]], [[diet]], [[obesity]], hair dyes, and occupational exposures. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:<ref name="CCS">{{cite web | title = Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma| url =http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-Hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab}}</ref> | The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:<ref name="pmid22967995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kane EV, Bernstein L, Bracci PM, Cerhan JR, Costas L, Dal Maso L, Holly EA, La Vecchia C, Matsuo K, Sanjose S, Spinelli JJ, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Roman E, Kricker A |title=Postmenopausal hormone therapy and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis of InterLymph case-control studies |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=433–41 |date=February 2013 |pmid=22967995 |pmc=3551484 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mds340 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25174023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cerhan JR, Kricker A, Paltiel O, Flowers CR, Wang SS, Monnereau A, Blair A, Dal Maso L, Kane EV, Nieters A, Foran JM, Miligi L, Clavel J, Bernstein L, Rothman N, Slager SL, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Skibola CF |title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume=2014 |issue=48 |pages=15–25 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25174023 |pmc=4155465 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25864967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chihara D, Nastoupil LJ, Williams JN, Lee P, Koff JL, Flowers CR |title=New insights into the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and implications for therapy |journal=Expert Rev Anticancer Ther |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=531–44 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25864967 |pmc=4698971 |doi=10.1586/14737140.2015.1023712 |url=}}</ref><ref name="CCS">{{cite web | title = Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma| url =http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-Hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]
Overview
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.
Risk Factors
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:[1][2][3][4]
| Known risk factors | Factors that Decrease risk |
|---|---|
| Age (above 60 years) | Alcohol consumption |
| Ethnicity (Caucasians more than African and Asian Americans) | Atopic disease |
| Positive family history of first degree relative with non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Hormone therapy use after ≥ 50 years of age |
| Weakened immune system ( genetic diseases like ataxia telangectasia or infection like HIV) | High sun exposure |
| B-cell activating autoimmune disorders | |
| Radiation exposure | |
| Infections ( HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni), | |
| Previous cancer treatment | |
| Exposure to chemicals and drugs (pesticides,methotrexate,tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, trichloroethylene) | |
| Cigarette smoking for ≥ 40 years | |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | |
| Occupational exposures (hairdresser, farmer) | |
| diet | |
| Hair dyes | |
| Breast implants |
A. Known risk factors
- The likelihood of getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age and is more common in men than in women.
1. Weakened immune system
- a. Congenital immune system damage
- Inherited disorders
- Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
- X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder
- b. Acquired immune system damage
- Acquired disorders
- Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
- HIV and AIDS
- Immunosuppressant drugs for
- Organ transplant (such as a kidney, heart or liver transplant)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
2. Autoimmune disorders
- Linked with marginal cell lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with a higher risk for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)
- Hashimotos thyroiditis
- Linked with a higher risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma
3. Certain infections
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Causes infectious mononucleosis
- Occur most commonly in Africa
- Linked to Burkitt lymphoma
- Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 (HTLV-1)
- Most common in southern Japan and the Caribbean
- Risk of developing adult T-cell lymphoma and leukemia
- Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
- Linked with primary effusion lymphoma, body cavity lymphoma and AIDS-related lymphoma
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- Higher risk of developing some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
- Linked with gastric lymphomas, particularly mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)
- Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)
- Linked with a mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)
4. Previous cancer treatment
- People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy
- People who have been treated for cancer have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma for the rest of their lives
- The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is greatest in the first 5 years after treatment
B. Possible risk factors
- 1. Family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not generally considered to be familial, which means occurring in families more often than would be expected by chance
- Higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, sister or child) who has been diagnosed with lymphoma
- 2. Exposure to pesticides
- Exposure to certain pesticides, such as Agent Orange, may be linked with a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 3. Exposure to trichloroethylene
- Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used mostly to remove grease from metal
- Exposure to TCE may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 4. Diet
- Diets high in meat, dairy products and saturated fat may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Diets low in vegetables increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 5. Obesity
- May increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly large B-cell lymphoma
- 6. Hair dyes
- Higher risk in people who used hair dye before 1980
- Risk affects people who used permanent dyes with dark colors in particular
- Risk may also be higher in hair dressers and barbers, who were exposed to the dye at work
- 7. Occupational exposures
- Farming
- Rubber industry
- Wood and forestry
- Printing
- Welding
References
- ↑ Kane EV, Bernstein L, Bracci PM, Cerhan JR, Costas L, Dal Maso L, Holly EA, La Vecchia C, Matsuo K, Sanjose S, Spinelli JJ, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Roman E, Kricker A (February 2013). "Postmenopausal hormone therapy and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis of InterLymph case-control studies". Ann. Oncol. 24 (2): 433–41. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds340. PMC 3551484. PMID 22967995.
- ↑ Cerhan JR, Kricker A, Paltiel O, Flowers CR, Wang SS, Monnereau A, Blair A, Dal Maso L, Kane EV, Nieters A, Foran JM, Miligi L, Clavel J, Bernstein L, Rothman N, Slager SL, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Skibola CF (August 2014). "Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs. 2014 (48): 15–25. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu010. PMC 4155465. PMID 25174023.
- ↑ Chihara D, Nastoupil LJ, Williams JN, Lee P, Koff JL, Flowers CR (May 2015). "New insights into the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and implications for therapy". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 15 (5): 531–44. doi:10.1586/14737140.2015.1023712. PMC 4698971. PMID 25864967.
- ↑ "Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma".