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The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, [[autoimmune disorders]], certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to [[pesticides]], exposure to [[trichloroethylene]], [[diet]], [[obesity]], hair dyes, and occupational exposures.
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, [[autoimmune disorders]], certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to [[pesticides]], exposure to [[trichloroethylene]], [[diet]], [[obesity]], hair dyes, and occupational exposures.
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:<ref name="pmid22967995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kane EV, Bernstein L, Bracci PM, Cerhan JR, Costas L, Dal Maso L, Holly EA, La Vecchia C, Matsuo K, Sanjose S, Spinelli JJ, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Roman E, Kricker A |title=Postmenopausal hormone therapy and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis of InterLymph case-control studies |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=433–41 |date=February 2013 |pmid=22967995 |pmc=3551484 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mds340 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25174023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cerhan JR, Kricker A, Paltiel O, Flowers CR, Wang SS, Monnereau A, Blair A, Dal Maso L, Kane EV, Nieters A, Foran JM, Miligi L, Clavel J, Bernstein L, Rothman N, Slager SL, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Skibola CF |title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume=2014 |issue=48 |pages=15–25 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25174023 |pmc=4155465 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25864967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chihara D, Nastoupil LJ, Williams JN, Lee P, Koff JL, Flowers CR |title=New insights into the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and implications for therapy |journal=Expert Rev Anticancer Ther |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=531–44 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25864967 |pmc=4698971 |doi=10.1586/14737140.2015.1023712 |url=}}</ref><ref name="CCS">{{cite web | title = Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma| url =http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-Hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab}}</ref>
The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:<ref name="pmid22967995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kane EV, Bernstein L, Bracci PM, Cerhan JR, Costas L, Dal Maso L, Holly EA, La Vecchia C, Matsuo K, Sanjose S, Spinelli JJ, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Roman E, Kricker A |title=Postmenopausal hormone therapy and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis of InterLymph case-control studies |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=433–41 |date=February 2013 |pmid=22967995 |pmc=3551484 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mds340 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25174033">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skibola CF, Slager SL, Berndt SI, Lightfoot T, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Weisenburger DD |title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for adult acute lymphocytic leukemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume=2014 |issue=48 |pages=125–9 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25174033 |pmc=4155464 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25174026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM, Benavente Y, Turner JJ, Paltiel O, Slager SL, Vajdic CM, Norman AD, Cerhan JR, Chiu BC, Becker N, Cocco P, Dogan A, Nieters A, Holly EA, Kane EV, Smedby KE, Maynadié M, Spinelli JJ, Roman E, Glimelius B, Wang SS, Sampson JN, Morton LM, de Sanjosé S |title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for marginal zone lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume=2014 |issue=48 |pages=52–65 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25174026 |pmc=4207869 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25174034">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morton LM, Slager SL, Cerhan JR, Wang SS, Vajdic CM, Skibola CF, Bracci PM, de Sanjosé S, Smedby KE, Chiu BC, Zhang Y, Mbulaiteye SM, Monnereau A, Turner JJ, Clavel J, Adami HO, Chang ET, Glimelius B, Hjalgrim H, Melbye M, Crosignani P, di Lollo S, Miligi L, Nanni O, Ramazzotti V, Rodella S, Costantini AS, Stagnaro E, Tumino R, Vindigni C, Vineis P, Becker N, Benavente Y, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Cocco P, Foretova L, Maynadié M, Nieters A, Staines A, Colt JS, Cozen W, Davis S, de Roos AJ, Hartge P, Rothman N, Severson RK, Holly EA, Call TG, Feldman AL, Habermann TM, Liebow M, Blair A, Cantor KP, Kane EV, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Smith A, Brooks-Wilson A, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Spinelli JJ, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Holford TR, Lan Q, Zheng T, Orsi L, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Serraino D, Bernstein L, Levine A, Friedberg JW, Kelly JL, Berndt SI, Birmann BM, Clarke CA, Flowers CR, Foran JM, Kadin ME, Paltiel O, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS, Sampson JN |title=Etiologic heterogeneity among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume=2014 |issue=48 |pages=130–44 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25174034 |pmc=4155467 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25174023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cerhan JR, Kricker A, Paltiel O, Flowers CR, Wang SS, Monnereau A, Blair A, Dal Maso L, Kane EV, Nieters A, Foran JM, Miligi L, Clavel J, Bernstein L, Rothman N, Slager SL, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Skibola CF |title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume=2014 |issue=48 |pages=15–25 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25174023 |pmc=4155465 |doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25864967">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chihara D, Nastoupil LJ, Williams JN, Lee P, Koff JL, Flowers CR |title=New insights into the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and implications for therapy |journal=Expert Rev Anticancer Ther |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=531–44 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25864967 |pmc=4698971 |doi=10.1586/14737140.2015.1023712 |url=}}</ref><ref name="CCS">{{cite web | title = Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma| url =http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-Hodgkin-lymphoma/risks/?region=ab}}</ref>


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Revision as of 20:33, 27 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]

Overview

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections, and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include positive family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.

Risk Factors

The known risk factors in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Known risk factors Factors that Decrease risk
Age (above 60 years) Alcohol consumption
Ethnicity (Caucasians more than African and Asian Americans) Atopic disease
Positive family history of first degree relative with non-Hodgkin lymphoma Hormone therapy use after ≥ 50 years of age
Weakened immune system ( genetic diseases like ataxia telangectasia or infection like HIV) High sun exposure
B-cell activating autoimmune disorders
Radiation exposure
Infections ( HIV, Hep C, HTLV-1, EBV, HHV-8, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni),
Previous cancer treatment
Exposure to chemicals and drugs (pesticides,methotrexate,tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, trichloroethylene)
Cigarette smoking for ≥ 40 years
BMI ≥30 kg/m2
Occupational exposures (hairdresser, farmer)
diet
Hair dyes
Breast implants

A. Known risk factors

  • The likelihood of getting non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age and is more common in men than in women.

1. Weakened immune system

  • a. Congenital immune system damage
  • Inherited disorders
  • b. Acquired immune system damage
  • Acquired disorders
  • Immunosuppressant drugs for

2. Autoimmune disorders

  • Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  • Hashimotos thyroiditis
  • Linked with a higher risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma

3. Certain infections

  • Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 (HTLV-1)
  • Higher risk of developing some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Linked with a mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)

4. Previous cancer treatment

  • People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy
  • People who have been treated for cancer have a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma for the rest of their lives
  • The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is greatest in the first 5 years after treatment

B. Possible risk factors

  • 1. Family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not generally considered to be familial, which means occurring in families more often than would be expected by chance
  • Higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, sister or child) who has been diagnosed with lymphoma
  • Exposure to certain pesticides, such as Agent Orange, may be linked with a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used mostly to remove grease from metal
  • Exposure to TCE may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • 4. Diet
  • Diets high in meat, dairy products and saturated fat may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Diets low in vegetables increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • 5. Obesity
  • 6. Hair dyes
  • Higher risk in people who used hair dye before 1980
  • Risk affects people who used permanent dyes with dark colors in particular
  • Risk may also be higher in hair dressers and barbers, who were exposed to the dye at work
  • 7. Occupational exposures
  • Farming
  • Rubber industry
  • Wood and forestry
  • Printing
  • Welding

References

  1. ↑ Kane EV, Bernstein L, Bracci PM, Cerhan JR, Costas L, Dal Maso L, Holly EA, La Vecchia C, Matsuo K, Sanjose S, Spinelli JJ, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Roman E, Kricker A (February 2013). "Postmenopausal hormone therapy and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis of InterLymph case-control studies". Ann. Oncol. 24 (2): 433–41. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds340. PMC 3551484. PMID 22967995.
  2. ↑ Skibola CF, Slager SL, Berndt SI, Lightfoot T, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Weisenburger DD (August 2014). "Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for adult acute lymphocytic leukemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs. 2014 (48): 125–9. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu009. PMC 4155464. PMID 25174033.
  3. ↑ Bracci PM, Benavente Y, Turner JJ, Paltiel O, Slager SL, Vajdic CM, Norman AD, Cerhan JR, Chiu BC, Becker N, Cocco P, Dogan A, Nieters A, Holly EA, Kane EV, Smedby KE, Maynadié M, Spinelli JJ, Roman E, Glimelius B, Wang SS, Sampson JN, Morton LM, de Sanjosé S (August 2014). "Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for marginal zone lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs. 2014 (48): 52–65. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu011. PMC 4207869. PMID 25174026.
  4. ↑ Morton LM, Slager SL, Cerhan JR, Wang SS, Vajdic CM, Skibola CF, Bracci PM, de Sanjosé S, Smedby KE, Chiu BC, Zhang Y, Mbulaiteye SM, Monnereau A, Turner JJ, Clavel J, Adami HO, Chang ET, Glimelius B, Hjalgrim H, Melbye M, Crosignani P, di Lollo S, Miligi L, Nanni O, Ramazzotti V, Rodella S, Costantini AS, Stagnaro E, Tumino R, Vindigni C, Vineis P, Becker N, Benavente Y, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Cocco P, Foretova L, Maynadié M, Nieters A, Staines A, Colt JS, Cozen W, Davis S, de Roos AJ, Hartge P, Rothman N, Severson RK, Holly EA, Call TG, Feldman AL, Habermann TM, Liebow M, Blair A, Cantor KP, Kane EV, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Smith A, Brooks-Wilson A, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Spinelli JJ, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Holford TR, Lan Q, Zheng T, Orsi L, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Serraino D, Bernstein L, Levine A, Friedberg JW, Kelly JL, Berndt SI, Birmann BM, Clarke CA, Flowers CR, Foran JM, Kadin ME, Paltiel O, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS, Sampson JN (August 2014). "Etiologic heterogeneity among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs. 2014 (48): 130–44. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu013. PMC 4155467. PMID 25174034.
  5. ↑ Cerhan JR, Kricker A, Paltiel O, Flowers CR, Wang SS, Monnereau A, Blair A, Dal Maso L, Kane EV, Nieters A, Foran JM, Miligi L, Clavel J, Bernstein L, Rothman N, Slager SL, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Skibola CF (August 2014). "Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs. 2014 (48): 15–25. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu010. PMC 4155465. PMID 25174023.
  6. ↑ Chihara D, Nastoupil LJ, Williams JN, Lee P, Koff JL, Flowers CR (May 2015). "New insights into the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and implications for therapy". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 15 (5): 531–44. doi:10.1586/14737140.2015.1023712. PMC 4698971. PMID 25864967.
  7. ↑ "Canadian Cancer Society Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma".

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