Horseshoe kidney pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to certain medical sequelae due to the embrogenesis or intrinsic anatomical abnormalities.

Pathophysiology

• Most people with horseshoe kidneys are totally asymptomatic and their kidneys function normally throughout their lives. About quarter of cases are found incidentally, usually during a CT scan due to some other problem. Nonetheless, there are lots of other patients who are predisposed to medical sequelae due to the embrogenesis or intrinsic anatomical abnormalities. These issues include:
  1. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction : It is the most common problem in horseshoe kidney. It is caused by crossing of ureter over the fused isthmus leading to its obstruction.
  2. Kidney Stones : Stones usually occur when there is obstruction leading to decreased urine output and stasis of urine which create environment for stone formation.
  3. Recurrent infections : Again due to stasis of urine, because stasis of urine create medium for bacterial growth
  4. Hydronephrosis : Basically it is caused by back-flow of urine due to obstruction of ureteropelvic junction.
  5. Increased incidence of certain cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, Wilm's tumor and Carcinoid tumors.

Genetics

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

OR

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

• [Gene1]
• [Gene2]
• [Gene3]

OR

The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

• [Mutation 1]
• [Mutation 2]
• [Mutation 3]

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

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