Milk-alkali syndrome classification: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Milk- alkali syndrome may be classified as | |||
==== Acute or toxemic form ==== | |||
*The acute or toxemic form occurred after approximately one week of treatment | |||
*The symptoms are acute hypercalcemia | |||
*Nausea and vomiting | |||
*weakness | |||
*Mental changes with psychosis | |||
*Depressed sensorium | |||
*Severe metabolic alkalosis | |||
*Normal to elevated plasma phosphate concentration | |||
*Acute renal insufficiency | |||
*Withdrawal of milk and alkali led to rapid relief of symptoms and the return of normal renal function. | |||
===== Subacute or Cope's syndrome ===== | |||
* | *Patients were usually seen during therapy with milk and alkali that had been taken intermittently for years. | ||
* | *Affected patients had symptoms of both acute and chronic hypercalcemia and responded to medication withdrawal with gradual improvement. Renal function remained mildly impaired in some cases. | ||
===== Chronic or Burnett's syndrome ===== | |||
*Long history of high milk-alkali intake with symptoms of chronic hypercalcemia such as | |||
*Polyuria | |||
*polydipsia | |||
*Muscle aches, and pruritus | |||
*Evidence of metastatic calcifications, including band keratopathy and nephrocalcinosis | |||
*Laboratory abnormalities were similar to those in the acute syndrome, but the response to withdrawal of milk and alkali was quite different | |||
*The muscle aches and pruritus improved slowly as the plasma calcium concentration slowly normalized | |||
*There is usually minimal or no improvement in renal function, as many patients continued to have chronic renal failure.<ref name="pmid18126919">{{cite journal |vauthors=BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR |title=Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=240 |issue=20 |pages=787–94 |date=May 1949 |pmid=18126919 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194905192402001 |url=}}</ref> | |||
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on: | [Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on: | ||
Revision as of 16:49, 21 April 2019
Classification
Milk- alkali syndrome may be classified as
Acute or toxemic form
- The acute or toxemic form occurred after approximately one week of treatment
- The symptoms are acute hypercalcemia
- Nausea and vomiting
- weakness
- Mental changes with psychosis
- Depressed sensorium
- Severe metabolic alkalosis
- Normal to elevated plasma phosphate concentration
- Acute renal insufficiency
- Withdrawal of milk and alkali led to rapid relief of symptoms and the return of normal renal function.
Subacute or Cope's syndrome
- Patients were usually seen during therapy with milk and alkali that had been taken intermittently for years.
- Affected patients had symptoms of both acute and chronic hypercalcemia and responded to medication withdrawal with gradual improvement. Renal function remained mildly impaired in some cases.
Chronic or Burnett's syndrome
- Long history of high milk-alkali intake with symptoms of chronic hypercalcemia such as
- Polyuria
- polydipsia
- Muscle aches, and pruritus
- Evidence of metastatic calcifications, including band keratopathy and nephrocalcinosis
- Laboratory abnormalities were similar to those in the acute syndrome, but the response to withdrawal of milk and alkali was quite different
- The muscle aches and pruritus improved slowly as the plasma calcium concentration slowly normalized
- There is usually minimal or no improvement in renal function, as many patients continued to have chronic renal failure.[1]
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on:
- [Classification method 1]
- [Classification method 2]
- [Classification method 3]
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on:
- [Classification method 1]
- [Classification method 2]
- [Classification method 3]
OR
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].==References==
- ↑ BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR (May 1949). "Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali". N. Engl. J. Med. 240 (20): 787–94. doi:10.1056/NEJM194905192402001. PMID 18126919.