Appendix cancer historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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:*Anesthesia | :*Anesthesia | ||
:*Sterilization | :*Sterilization | ||
:*laparoscopy | |||
*'''Chemotherapy''' | *'''Chemotherapy''' | ||
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:*Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) | :*Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) | ||
:* | :* Introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptmoes of carcinoid syndrome | ||
* '''Development of new Imaging modalities''' | * '''Development of new Imaging modalities''' | ||
:* CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as [[Somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer | :* CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as [[Somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer | ||
'''Future horizons''' | === '''Future horizons''' === | ||
*Genetic studies revolutionized cancer treatment; appendix cancer is not an exception. | *Genetic studies revolutionized cancer treatment; appendix cancer is not an exception. | ||
* Traditionally appandiceal cancers were approached the same as colorectal cancers. Recent genetic studies demonstrated that appendiceal tumors are clearly differ from colorectal cancers.<ref name="pmid22342786">{{cite journal| author=Levine EA, Blazer DG, Kim MK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Guy C et al.| title=Gene expression profiling of peritoneal metastases from appendiceal and colon cancer demonstrates unique biologic signatures and predicts patient outcomes. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 214 | issue= 4 | pages= 599-606; discussion 606-7 | pmid=22342786 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.028 | pmc=3768122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22342786 }} </ref> | * Traditionally appandiceal cancers were approached the same as colorectal cancers. Recent genetic studies demonstrated that appendiceal tumors are clearly differ from colorectal cancers.<ref name="pmid22342786">{{cite journal| author=Levine EA, Blazer DG, Kim MK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Guy C et al.| title=Gene expression profiling of peritoneal metastases from appendiceal and colon cancer demonstrates unique biologic signatures and predicts patient outcomes. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 214 | issue= 4 | pages= 599-606; discussion 606-7 | pmid=22342786 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.028 | pmc=3768122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22342786 }} </ref> | ||
Revision as of 04:31, 1 February 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913.[1]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- Surgical sciences development
- Appendectomy
- Anesthesia
- Sterilization
- laparoscopy
- Chemotherapy
- Introduction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) the first coorectal chemotherapy agent
- Development of new chemotherapy agents like
- Irinotecan
- Oxaliplatin
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab)
- Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab),
- Aflibercept
- Regorafenib: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3),
- Capecitabine or 5-FU with or without a platinum drug
- Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC)
- Introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptmoes of carcinoid syndrome
- Development of new Imaging modalities
- CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as Somatostatin scintigraphy revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer
Future horizons
- Genetic studies revolutionized cancer treatment; appendix cancer is not an exception.
- Traditionally appandiceal cancers were approached the same as colorectal cancers. Recent genetic studies demonstrated that appendiceal tumors are clearly differ from colorectal cancers.[2]
- Presence of mutated TP53 and APC genes were significantly lower in appendiceal cancers compared to colorectal cancers.
- It has been shown that mutation profiles are associated with the patients’ prognosis. [3]
- Mutations in the TP53 significantly decrease life expectancy in patients with appendix cancer.
- Regardless of tumor grade, Tp 53 mutations were associated with poorer outcomes.
- Patients with GNAS mutations had a life expectancy of 10 years after diagnosis.
- Appendiceal tumors with GNAS mutations rarely develop into high-grade tumors.
Famous Cases
The following are a few famous cases of appendix cancer:
- Celebrated actress, Audrey Hepburn was the most famous victims of appendix cancer, she passed away in 1993.[4]
- Stuart Scott, ESPN sportscast anchor was diagnosed with appendix cancer in 2007 and died 8 years later in 2015.[5]
References
- ↑ Beatson GT (1913) Note on a Case of Carcinoma of the Vermiform Appendix in a Girl, Aged 20 Years. Glasgow Med J 80 (6):418-422. PMID: 30435413
- ↑ Levine EA, Blazer DG, Kim MK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Guy C; et al. (2012). "Gene expression profiling of peritoneal metastases from appendiceal and colon cancer demonstrates unique biologic signatures and predicts patient outcomes". J Am Coll Surg. 214 (4): 599–606, discussion 606-7. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.028. PMC 3768122. PMID 22342786.
- ↑ Levine EA, Votanopoulos KI, Qasem SA, Philip J, Cummins KA, Chou JW; et al. (2016). "Prognostic Molecular Subtypes of Low-Grade Cancer of the Appendix". J Am Coll Surg. 222 (4): 493–503. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.012. PMC 4808611. PMID 26821970.
- ↑ "Audrey Hepburn Appendix Cancer".
- ↑ "Stuart Scott's Battle With Cancer".
- ↑ "Stuart Scott, ESPN's Voice of Exuberance, Dies at 49 - The New York Times".