Splenomegaly causes

Template:Splenomegaly Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

The causes of splenomegaly vary widely and range from increased splenic function (such as hemoglobinopathies), splenic congestion due to abnormal blood flow (such as venous obstruction), and splenic infiltration (such as storage disorders and malignancies).

Causes

Common Causes

• Bacterial endocarditis
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Cirrhosis
• Congestive heart failure
• Leukemia
• Long standing alcohol abuse
• Lymphoma
• Malaria
• Portal hypertension 
• Sickle cell anemia
• Spherocytosis
• Thalassemia

Less Common Causes

• Amyloidosis
• Babesiosis
• Gaucher's disease
• Histoplasmosis
• Kala-azar

Rickets

• Schistosomiasis
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Typhoid fever

Causes by Pathogenesis

Mechanism	Pathogenesis		Example
Increased function	Removal of defective RBCs		Spherocytosis Thalassemia Hemoglobinopathy Anemia Sickle cell anemia
	Immune hyperplasia	Response to infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic)	Mononucleosis AIDS Viral hepatitis Subacute bacterial endocarditis Bacterial septicemia Splenic abscess Typhoid fever Leptospirosis Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Malaria leishmaniasis Trypanosomiasis Ehrlichiosis
		Disordered immunoregulation	Rheumatoid arthritis SLE Serum sickness Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenia Sarcoidosis
		Drug reactions	Cidofovir Filgrastim
	Extramedullary hematopoiesis		Myelofibrosis Tumors Lukemias Marrow damage by radiation toxins
Abnormal blood flow	Organ Failure		Cirrhosis Congestive heart failure
	Vascular		Hepatic vein obstruction Portal vein obstruction Budd-Chiari syndrome Splenic vein obstruction
	Infections		Hepatic schistosomiasis Hepatic echinococcosis
Infiltration	Metabolic diseases		Gauchers disease Niemann-Pick disease Hurler syndrome Mucopolysaccharidoses Amyloidosis Tangier disease
	Benign and malignant infiltrations		Leukemias (acute, chronic, lymphoid and myeloid) Lymphomas (Hodgkins and non-hodgkins) Myeloproliferative disorders Metastatic tumors (commonly melanoma) Histiocytosis X Hemangioma Lymphangioma Splenic cyst Hamartomas Eosinophilic granuloma

Causes of Massive Splenomegaly (>1000 gms)

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia
• Gauchers disease
• Hairy cell leukemia
• Kala-Azar (Leishmaniasis)
• Lymphomas
• Malaria
• Myelofibrosis
• Polycythemia vera
• Portal hypertension of Bilharziasis
• Sarcoidosis
• Thalassemia

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Congestive heart failure, Constrictive pericarditis, Infective endocarditis
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Cidofovir, Filgrastim
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Cirrhosis, Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome, Hepatic portal vein obstruction, Hepatic vein thrombosis, Portal hypertension, Splenic vein thrombosis
Genetic	Aicardi Goutieres syndrome, Alpha-mannosidase deficiency, Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, Chanarin-Dorfman disease, Chediak-Higashi disease, Cholesterol ester storage disease, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Familial histiocytic reticulosis, Familial hypertriglyceridaemia, Farber lipogranulomatosis, Fucosidosis, Fumarate hydratase deficiency, Galactose epimerase deficiency, Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency, Gamma heavy chain disease, Gangliosidosis GM1, type 1, Gangliosidosis GM1, type 3, GM2 gangliosidosis, Gaucher's disease, Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, Glycogen storage disease, Haemochromatosis, Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome, Hyperlipidemia, Iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency, Kartagener syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis  , Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, McLeod syndrome, Mevalonate kinase deficiency, Mu chain disease, Mucolipidosis II alpha/beta, Mucopolysaccharidosis VI, Mucopolysaccharidosis VII, Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, Prolidase deficiency, Salla disease, Sandhoff disease, Sanfilippo disease, Sea blue histiocytosis, Sialidosis , Sphingomyelinase deficiency, Tyrosinaemia type 1, Zimmermann-Laband syndrome
Hematologic	Acute and chronic hemolytic anemias, all etiologies, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1, Congenital erythropoeitic porphyria, Coproporphyria, hereditary, Eosinophillic granuloma, Essential thrombocythemia, Extramedullary haemopoiesis, Haemoglobin C disease, Haemoglobin E disease, Haemoglobin SC disease, Haemolytic disease of the newborn, Hemolytic anemia, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Hereditary spherocytosis, Histiocytosis X, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Iron deficiency anemia, Letterer-Siwe disease, Mastocytosis, Multiple myeloma, Myelofibrosis, Myeloid leukemia, Myeloid metaplasia, Myeloproliferative syndrome, Osteomyelosclerosis, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Polycythemia vera, Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Primary thrombocythemia, acquired, Rosai-Dorfman disease, Sickle cell crisis, Sickle cell disease, Thalassemia major, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acanthocheilonemiasis, AIDS, Babesiosis, Bartonellosis, Borreliosis, Cat-Scratch disease, Coronavirus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Cytomegalovirus, Dengue, E.coli, Ehrlichiosis, Group B streptococcal infection, Hepatic Echinococcosis, Hepatitis, Histoplasmosis, Infectious mononucleosis, Kala-Azar, Leishmaniasis, Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Mycobacterium avium complex, Paragonimiasis, Psittacosis, Q fever, Relapsing fever, Rickettsiae, RMSF, Rubella, Salmonella, Schistosomiasis, Septicemia, Sleeping sickness, Splenic abscess, Syphilis, Toxocariasis, Toxoplasma, Trench fever, Tropical splenomegaly syndrome, Trypanosomiasis, Tuberculosis, Tularemia, Visceral larva migrans, Weil syndrome, Whipple disease
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Osteopetrosis
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Nutritional anemias, Vitamin B12 deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Acute and chronic leukemias, Adult T-cell leukemia, Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia, Angiosarcoma, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Bone marrow infiltration, Castleman's disease, Chronic eosinophilic leukaemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Fibroma, Geleophysic dysplasia, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hamartomas, Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma,Hodgkin lymphoma, Lymphangiomas, Lymphoid leukemia, Lympho-reticulosarcoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, Melanoma, Metastatic solid tumors, Monocytic leukemia, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Primary splenic tumors, Splenic hamartoma, Splenic hemangioma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Nephrotic syndrome,
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Amyloidosis, Collagen vascular diseases, Common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia, Felty's syndrome, Immune hemolytic anemias, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Macrophage activation syndrome, Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Sarcoidosis, Serum sickness, Still disease, adult-onset, Still disease, juvenile-onset, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic splenomegaly, Splenic artery aneurysm, Splenic cyst

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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