Sandbox:Zahir: Difference between revisions

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  | year = 1998
  | year = 1998
  | month = July
  | month = July
  | pmid =
  | pmid =}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual bleeding
Line 864: Line 864:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Columnar cells in the ectocervix
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Columnar cells in the ectocervix
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy with histopathological examination
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy with histopathological examination
|}
==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal carcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Chiara Molinari]], [[Federica Matteucci]], [[Paola Caroli]] & [[Alessandro Passardi]]
| title = Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
| journal = [[Clinical colorectal cancer]]
| volume = 14
| issue = 4
| pages = 227–238
| year = 2015
| month = December
| doi = 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014
| pmid = 26170142
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[William Hamilton]] & [[Deborah Sharp]]
| title = Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines
| journal = [[Family practice]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 1
| pages = 99–106
| year = 2004
| month = February
| pmid = 14760054
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Wolfgang B. Gaertner]], [[Mary R. Kwaan]], [[Robert D. Madoff]] & [[Genevieve B. Melton]]
| title = Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 25
| pages = 7659–7671
| year = 2015
| month = July
| doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659
| pmid = 26167068
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[V. Raman Muthusamy]] & [[Kenneth J. Chang]]
| title = Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer
| journal = [[Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research]]
| volume = 13
| issue = 22 Pt 2
| pages = 6877s–6884s
| year = 2007
| month = November
| doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137
| pmid = 18006793
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli]] & [[Mohammad Reza Keramati]]
| title = Rectal cancer: a review
| journal = [[Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
| volume = 29
| pages = 171
| year = 2015
| month =
| pmid = 26034724
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Left lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|LLQ]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[lethargy]]
* [[pallor]]
* [[confusion]]
* [[emaciation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[tenderness]]
* [[hepatomegaly]]
* [[ascites]]
* [[absent bowel sounds]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[rectal mass]]
* [[rectal bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[CEA|↑ CEA]]
* [[CA 19-9|↑ CA19-9]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[mass]]/[[polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Apple core apearance
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Endoscopic/trnasrectal US detects [[tumor]] extent
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determine tumor stage
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rectal examination|DRE]] & [[proctoscopy]] detects [[tumor]] localization & extension
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Serum iron|↓ Serum iron]]
* ↓ [[Vitamin b12|Vit: B12]] & [[Folic Acid|folate]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Rectal polyp<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[N. Oshitani]], [[Y. Moriyama]], [[T. Matsumoto]], [[K. Kobayashi]] & [[A. Kitano]]
| title = Protein-losing enteropathy from cap polyposis
| journal = [[Lancet (London, England)]]
| volume = 346
| issue = 8989
| pages = 1567
| year = 1995
| month = December
| pmid = 7491082
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Ioannis Papaconstantinou]], [[Andreas Karakatsanis]], [[Xanthi Benia]], [[George Polymeneas]] & [[Evanthia Kostopoulou]]
| title = Solitary rectal cap polyp: Case report and review of the literature
| journal = [[World journal of gastrointestinal surgery]]
| volume = 4
| issue = 6
| pages = 157–162
| year = 2012
| month = June
| doi = 10.4240/wjgs.v4.i6.157
| pmid = 22816031
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kheng-Hong Ng]], [[Pawan Mathur]], [[M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe]], [[Kong-Weng Eu]] & [[Francis Seow-Choen]]
| title = Cap polyposis: further experience and review
| journal = [[Diseases of the colon and rectum]]
| volume = 47
| issue = 7
| pages = 1208–1215
| year = 2004
| month = July
| doi = 10.1007/s10350-004-0561-8
| pmid = 15164251
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Diarrhea|Mucous diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[rectal mass]]/[[polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[hypoproteinemia]]
* [[hypoalbuminemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anal cancer]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Thomas G. Trautmann]] & [[James H. Zuger]]
| title = Positron Emission Tomography for pretreatment staging and posttreatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal
| journal = [[Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging]]
| volume = 7
| issue = 4
| pages = 309–313
| year = 2005
| month = July-August
| doi = 10.1007/s11307-005-0003-6
| pmid = 16028002
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[D. R. Radin]]
| title = Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings
| journal = [[Journal of computer assisted tomography]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 6
| pages = 921–924
| year = 1994
| month = November-December
| pmid = 7962800
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[S. D. Otto]], [[L. Lee]], [[H. J. Buhr]], [[B. Frericks]], [[S. Hocht]] & [[A. J. Kroesen]]
| title = Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
| journal = [[Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract]]
| volume = 13
| issue = 7
| pages = 1292–1298
| year = 2009
| month = July
| doi = 10.1007/s11605-009-0870-2
| pmid = 19365694
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Sajad Ahmad Salati]] & [[Azzam Al Kadi]]
| title = Anal cancer - a review
| journal = [[International journal of health sciences]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 2
| pages = 206–230
| year = 2012
| month = June
| pmid = 23580899
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[lump]]/[[mass]] at [[Anus|anal opening]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determines [[anal cancer]] depth into [[sphincter]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hypoattenuated [[Necrosis|necrotic]] [[mass]] on contrast [[Computed tomography|CT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Positron emission tomography|PET]]/[[Computed tomography|CT]] detects localization of small anal [[Tumor|tumors]] <2cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Sentinal [[lymph node]] [[biopsy]] detects [[lymph node]] [[Metastasis|metastases]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhoids]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
| title = Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 17
| pages = 2009–2017
| year = 2012
| month = May
| doi = 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009
| pmid = 22563187
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Danny Jacobs]]
| title = Clinical practice. Hemorrhoids
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 371
| issue = 10
| pages = 944–951
| year = 2014
| month = September
| doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1204188
| pmid = 25184866
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
| title = Approach to hemorrhoids
| journal = [[Current gastroenterology reports]]
| volume = 15
| issue = 7
| pages = 332
| year = 2013
| month = July
| doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6
| pmid = 23715885
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
| title = Treatment of hemorrhoids: A coloproctologist's view
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 31
| pages = 9245–9252
| year = 2015
| month = August
| doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9245
| pmid = 26309351
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[fecal incontinence]]/[[Mucus|mucous]] discharge
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[weakness]],[[irritability]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[palpable]] perianal [[lump]]
* [[Rectal bleeding|Bleeding PR]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[iron deficiency anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[blood]] on [[stool]] outer surface
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Done if [[colorectal cancer]] suspected
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] + [[anoscopy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[anoscopy]] shows bulging purplish hue veins or dark, pink, glistening mass
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal prolapse]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Julia Segal]] & [[Melissa M.. Tavarez]]
| title = Rectal Prolapse
| year = 2018
| month = January
| pmid = 30335341
}}</ref><ref name="pmid24352613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Kaiser AM, Alavi K, Sudan R, Wise PE |title=Rectal prolapse: an overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and patient-specific management strategies |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1059–69 |year=2014 |pmid=24352613 |doi=10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28991074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, Steele SR |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1121–1131 |year=2017 |pmid=28991074 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0000000000000889 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[K. M. Hiltunen]], [[M. Matikainen]], [[O. Auvinen]] & [[P. Hietanen]]
| title = Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse
| journal = [[American journal of surgery]]
| volume = 151
| issue = 4
| pages = 489–492
| year = 1986
| month = April
| pmid = 3963307
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal discomfort]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Intermittent [[rectum]] [[Rectal prolapse|protrusion]] seen
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Mucus|Mucous]]/[[blood in stool]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |May be used for [[screening]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Reveals asymmetry & any [[sphincter]] defect
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History & [[physical examination]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] shows patulous [[anus]], attenuated [[sphincter]] tone & [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Anal [[manometry]] to assess [[sphincter]] function
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Foreign body]]<ref name="pmid9885867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ooi BS, Ho YH, Eu KW, Nyam D, Leong A, Seow-Choen F |title=Management of anorectal foreign bodies: a cause of obscure anal pain |journal=Aust N Z J Surg |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=852–5 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9885867 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15540301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW |title=Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1694–8 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15540301 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8681881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stack LB, Munter DW |title=Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=493–521 |date=August 1996 |pmid=8681881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20109641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldberg JE, Steele SR |title=Rectal foreign bodies |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=173–84, Table of Contents |date=February 2010 |pmid=20109641 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.004 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Anorectal pain and [[abdominal pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Anxious]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Tachycardia]]
*[[Hypotension]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Palpable foreign body
*[[Absent bowel sounds]]
*[[Signs]] of [[peritonitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Rectal bleeding|Bleeding per rectum]]
*[[Laceration]]
*[[Mucosal]] tear
*[[Sphincter]] disruption
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Leukocytosis|Leucocytosis]]
*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contraindicated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Plain radiographs show presence of [[foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
| style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostatitis]]<ref name="nid">Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostate-problems/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid20704171">{{cite journal| author=Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR| title=Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 82 | issue= 4 | pages= 397-406 | pmid=20704171 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20704171  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20459324">{{cite journal| author=Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT| title=Treatment of bacterial prostatitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 12 | pages= 1641-52 | pmid=20459324 | doi=10.1086/652861 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20459324  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mark S. Litwin]] & [[Hung-Jui Tan]]
| title = The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 317
| issue = 24
| pages = 2532–2542
| year = 2017
| month = June
| doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.7248
| pmid = 28655021
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |LLQ/[[groin]] pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness (medicine)|Tender]]/enlarged [[prostate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/↑ [[Prostate specific antigen|PSA]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Focal hypoechoic regoin in peripheral [[prostate]]
* Fluid collection suggests [[abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Edematous/enlarged [[prostate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[prostate biopsy]] & thermograms may also be done
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fecal impaction]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Izi Obokhare]]
| title = Fecal impaction: a cause for concern?
| journal = [[Clinics in colon and rectal surgery]]
| volume = 25
| issue = 1
| pages = 53–58
| year = 2012
| month = March
| doi = 10.1055/s-0032-1301760
| pmid = 23449376
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[N. Gurll]] & [[M. Steer]]
| title = Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction
| journal = [[Diseases of the colon and rectum]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 6
| pages = 507–511
| year = 1975
| month = September
| pmid = 1081034
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Zilla H. Hussain]], [[Diana A. Whitehead]] & [[Brian E. Lacy]]
| title = Fecal impaction
| journal = [[Current gastroenterology reports]]
| volume = 16
| issue = 9
| pages = 404
| year = 2014
| month = September
| doi = 10.1007/s11894-014-0404-2
| pmid = 25119877
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Farshid Araghizadeh]]
| title = Fecal impaction
| journal = [[Clinics in colon and rectal surgery]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 2
| pages = 116–119
| year = 2005
| month = May
| doi = 10.1055/s-2005-870893
| pmid = 20011351
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[agitation]]
* [[confusion]]
* Worsening [[psychosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[abdominal distension]] with tympany
* Diffuse abdominal [[tenderness]] with palpable malleable tubular structure indicating [[stool]] filled rectosigmoid
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] shows [[fecal impaction]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Leukocytosis|Mild leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Used in softening of [[stool]] & stimulation of evacuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Presence of fecal matter in [[colon]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] to detect [[fecal impaction]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[dehydration]]
* [[hyponatremia]]
* Hypokalemic [[metabolic alkalosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdomen|Abdominal]] [[Radiography|radiograph]] to detect fecal loading
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anal stenosis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mukta V. Katdare]] & [[Rocco Ricciardi]]
| title = Anal stenosis
| journal = [[The Surgical clinics of North America]]
| volume = 90
| issue = 1
| pages = 137–145
| year = 2010
| month = February
| doi = 10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.002
| pmid = 20109638
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Giuseppe Brisinda]], [[Serafino Vanella]], [[Federica Cadeddu]], [[Gaia Marniga]], [[Pasquale Mazzeo]], [[Francesco Brandara]] & [[Giorgio Maria]]
| title = Surgical treatment of anal stenosis
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 15
| issue = 16
| pages = 1921–1928
| year = 2009
| month = April
| pmid = 19399922
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[I. T. Khubchandani]]
| title = Anal stenosis
| journal = [[The Surgical clinics of North America]]
| volume = 74
| issue = 6
| pages = 1353–1360
| year = 1994
| month = December
| pmid = 7985070
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection shows [[stenosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contraindicated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection with [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Incomplete evacuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Hypertrophied anal papillae<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Miyazaki]], [[M. Endoh]], [[T. Suga]], [[N. Yano]], [[T. Kuramoto]], [[Y. Matsumoto]], [[K. Eguchi]], [[M. Yagame]], [[M. Miura]] & [[Y. Nomoto]]
| title = Rheumatoid factors and glomerulonephritis
| journal = [[Clinical and experimental immunology]]
| volume = 81
| issue = 2
| pages = 250–255
| year = 1990
| month = August
| pmid = 2201469
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. P. Heiken]], [[G. R. Zuckerman]] & [[D. M. Balfe]]
| title = The hypertrophied anal papilla: recognition on air-contrast barium enema examinations
| journal = [[Radiology]]
| volume = 151
| issue = 2
| pages = 315–318
| year = 1984
| month = May
| doi = 10.1148/radiology.151.2.6709897
| pmid = 6709897
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Pravin-J. Gupta]]
| title = Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery?
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 16
| pages = 2412–2414
| year = 2004
| month = August
| pmid = 15285031
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Kusunoki]], [[T. Horai]], [[Y. Sakanoue]], [[H. Yanagi]], [[T. Yamamura]] & [[J. Utsunomiya]]
| title = Giant hypertrophied anal papilla. Case report
| journal = [[The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica]]
| volume = 157
| issue = 8
| pages = 491–492
| year = 1991
| month = August
| pmid = 1681940
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Firm & palpable [[Papilla|papillae]] on digital examination
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mixed with [[blood]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Smooth [[polyp]] located inside [[anal verge]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection with [[Digital rectal examination|digital examination]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Associated with [[anal fissure]] & anal skin tag
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometriosis]]<ref name="pmid16936305">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG |title=Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=266–71 |date=January 2007 |pmid=16936305 |doi=10.1093/humrep/del339 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24647161">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hickey M, Ballard K, Farquhar C |title=Endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue= |pages=g1752 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24647161 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1752 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11158655">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP |title=Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=193–216; questionnaire 288–94 |date=2001 |pmid=11158655 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
* Dull [[pelvic pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Dyschezia]]
* Bowel cramping
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness|Mild tenderness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Nodules in [[posterior fornix]]
* Adnexal masses
* [[Immobility]]
* Lateral placement of the [[cervix]] or [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness]] on [[Vagina|vaginal]] exam
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lesion|Lesions]] can be detected on [[Ultrasound|usg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine cancer|Uterine malignancy]]<ref name="pmid20424280">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ronghe R, Gaudoin M |title=Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer |journal=Menopause Int |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20424280 |doi=10.1258/mi.2010.010008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10969449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Twu NF, Chen SS |title=Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=628–33 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10969449 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19393600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, Epplein M, Garcia R, Allison K, Voigt LF, Weiss NS |title=Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=678.e1–6 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19393600 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.032 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pallor]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pelvic masses|Pelvic mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vaginal bleeding]]
* Enlarged [[uterus]]
* Fixed [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Hcg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Increased thickness of uterine wall >4mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Endometrial biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
| style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical cancer|Cervical malignancy]]<ref name="pmid17826171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S |title=Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=890–907 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17826171 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pallor]]
[[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pelvic masses|Pelvic mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cervix|Cervical]] growth
* [[Bleeding]]
* [[Cervix|Cervical]] stenosis
* Fixed [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]] -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cervix|Cervical]] thickening
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Detects [[metastasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cone biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic abscess]]<ref name="pmid6635426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landers DV, Sweet RL |title=Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=876–84 |date=1983 |pmid=6635426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7333045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benigno BB |title=Medical and surgical management of the pelvic abscess |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=1187–97 |date=December 1981 |pmid=7333045 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Nil
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fever]]
* [[Tachycardia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Guarding]]
* Generalized [[tenderness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluctuating [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vaginal discharge]] in [[Female|females]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[leucocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]] -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Location and consistency of [[abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Location and consistency of [[abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoma|Pelvic sarcoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Claudia M. G. Keyzer-Dekker]], [[Richard G. Houtkamp]], [[Johannes L. Peterse]] & [[Frits Van Coevorden]]
| title = Adult pelvic sarcomas: a heterogeneous collection of sarcomas?
| journal = [[Sarcoma]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| pages = 19–24
| year = 2004
| month =
| doi = 10.1080/13577140410001679211
| pmid = 18521389
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Angela D. Levy]], [[Maria A. Manning]] & [[Markku M. Miettinen]]
| title = Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 2-Uncommon Sarcomas
| journal = [[Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc]]
| volume = 37
| issue = 3
| pages = 797–812
| year = 2017
| month = May-June
| doi = 10.1148/rg.2017160201
| pmid = 28493803
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Angela D. Levy]], [[Maria A. Manning]], [[Waddah B. Al-Refaie]] & [[Markku M. Miettinen]]
| title = Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1-Common Sarcomas: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives
| journal = [[Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc]]
| volume = 37
| issue = 2
| pages = 462–483
| year = 2017
| month = March-April
| doi = 10.1148/rg.2017160157
| pmid = 28287938
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[Cachexia|cachetic]] with [[fever]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |presence of [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |L[[leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]
* ↑[[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]]
* ↑[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|b-hCG]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Well circusmscribed, multinodular/infiltrating [[mass]] of soft tissue attenuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT]]/[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]/[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Positron emission tomography|PET]] with [[Fluorodeoxyglucose|FDG]] used for staging
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 23:25, 4 February 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[2]

Vaginal/Vulvar mass differential diagnosis

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical exam Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Abnormal

vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal dyscharge Pelvic

pain

Itching or

burning of the vulva

Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms B symptoms Abdominal pain Gynecological examinations Abdominal

mass

HPV Pap smear STI Panel Ultrasound MRI CT Scan
Cervical cancer[1][2][3][4][5][6] + + + +

+

+ ± ±Chlamydia T2-weighted MRI :
  • Ovoid, heterogeneous tumor distending the cervical canal with stromal involvement.
 PET/CT scan:
Cervical polyp[7]
  • Postcoital
  • Intermenstrual
  • Postmenopausal
  • Bleeding after exam
 + − − − − −
  • Mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Hyper/hypoechogenic masses with or without cysts
  • Filling the endocervical or vaginal canal
  • Epithelial cells with no nuclear atypia/mitoses
  • Hysteroscopy /Biopsy
Cervical leiomyoma[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
  • Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + + −
  • Urinary retention
  • Constipation
  • Infertility
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Increase in pregnancy/labor complications
 − +
  • Large,irregular pelvic mass
 ±
− − −
  • Well circumscribed hyperechoic mass
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense masses
  • Homogeneous

enhancement

  • Red degeneration
  • Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells
  • Mature adipocytes
  • Extracellular matrix consist of collagen,fibronectin.
  • Clinical diagnosis/ and
  • Ultrasound
Cervical lymphoma[16][17]
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 − + −
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Post-coital pain
 + +
  • Larrge uterine/cervix mass
  • Irregularity
 + − − −
  • Well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic mass
  • Small tumor cells with large nuclei
  • High mitoses and proliferation
  • Biopsy
Cervical sarcoma[18]
  • Intermentrual
  • Postmenopausal
 ± + −
  • Post-coital pain
  • Fullness in pelvic
 ± +
  • Cervical mass
  • Lump protruding from vagina/vulva
 + − − −
  • Biopsy
Cervical erosion(Ectropion)[19][20][21]
  • Light bleeding after pelvic exam
  • Spotting
 + + ±
  • Post-coital pain
  • Painful cramps
  • Pain after sex
 − + − − − −
Cervicitis[22][23]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 + +
  • Itching
  • Pain during urination
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • May have fever only
  • Red,inflammed swollen cervix
  • Inflammation/irritation of vulva/vagina
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Herpes simplex
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
IUD use[24]
  • Heavy bleeidng
 ± +
  • Itching
  • Painful menstruation
 − − − − ±
Pelvic inflammatory diseases[25]
  • Bleeding after sex
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + +
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning sensation during urination
  • Pain during bowel movement
  • Fever
 ±Abdominal

pain

  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal/vulvar tender lesion depending on microbial cause
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
Endometriosis[26][27][28][29]
  • Heavy mentrual bleeding
 ±
  • Pelvic pain
  • Back pain
 −
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning/painful urination
  • Painful bowel movement
  • Pain during or after sex
  • Infertility
 − +
  • Tender uterosacral nodularity
  • Immobile uterus
  • Cervical motion tenderness
  • Retroverted uterus
 − − −
  • Visual inspection by laparascopy
Adenomyosis[30]
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
 − + −
  • Painful menstruation
 −
  • Polypoid mass protruding into the endocervical canal.
 − − −
Cervical ectopic pregnancy[31]
  • Amennorhea
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 − − −
  • Pelvic pain
 − +
  • Soft and disporportionally enlarged uterus.
 − −
  • Empty uterine
  • Thickened endometrium
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense large mass

T1-weighted MRI:

  • Partially hyperintense mass
  • Necrotic hemorrhagic mass with chorionic villus
  • Hysterectomy and biopsy
DES exposure (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)[32]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − − −
Paget's disease of vulva to cervix[33][34][35]
  • Bleeding from lesion
  • Oozing
 ± −
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain in vulva
 − −
−
  • Scaly eczematoid lesion in vulva.
  • Erythematous plaques with white scaling.
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy in case of metastases.
 − − − −
  • Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma which involves epidermis
  • Biopsy of lesion
Vaginal cancer[36]
  • Postcoital bleeding

+

  • Tenesmus
  • Dysuria
  • Urinary frequency
  • Constipation
  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal lump
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy
 − − −
Nabothian cyst[37][38][39]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − −
  • Pain during sex
 −
  • Cystic mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Intermediate or slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted
  • High signal intensity on T2-weighted images
Rectal cancer[40][41][42][43][44] - - + -
  • Constipation/diarrhea
  • Absent bowel sounds
  • Rectal mass/bleeding
  • Abdominal tenderness
 Weight loss + LLQ + NL + - - +/- Endoscopic/transrectal US detects tumor extent Determine tumor stage Determine tumor stage
  • Sheets or cords of malignant cells
  • Cellular atypia & pleomorphism
  • High mitotic rate
  • Necrotic debris in glandular lumina
 Colonoscopy with biopsy
Submucous uterine leiomyoma[45][46][47] Menorrhagia - + -
  • Constipation
  • Urinary frequency/incontinence
  • Hydronephrosis
 - + Enlarged, irregular, firm, nontender uterus + - - -
  • Trans vaginal US: well defined hypoechoic
  • Saline US: for submucous fibroids/polypoi
 Provides information on no: of fibroids, size, vascularization, relationship with endometrial cavity & serosal surface Not required Not required Physical examination with Ultrasound
Uterine cancer[48][49][50][51]
  • Menometorrhagia
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + + -
  • Polyuria
  • Dysuria
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
 +
  • Enlarged uterus
  • Lymphadenpathy
  • Mesenteric nodules (metastases)
 + - - - Thickened endometrial lining >4cm
  • Endometrial thickening
  • Lymph node involvement
  • Pelvic metastases
 Not required
  • Endometrial malignant cells
  • Low grade type 1
  • High grade type 2
 Histologic diagnosis
Vaginal lymphoma[52][53][54] + + + + Abdominal/pelvic pain - + Palpable mass between rectum & vagina +/- - - - Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Not required CD20 & CD79a positive Immunohistochemistry & biopsy
Vaginal polyp[55][56][57][58] Postmenopausal bleeding + + +
  • Dysperunia
  • Postcoidal bleeding
  • Dysuria
  • Constipation
 - + Mass protruding from vagina +/- - - - To exclude uterine hyperplasia/carcinoma To determine the extent N/A Benign tissue/premalignant cells Excisional biopsy
Vaginal adenosis[59][60][61]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 +/- +/- +/- - - - Palpable cysts,nodularity or ulcers - - - - N/A N/A N/A Columnar cells in the ectocervix Biopsy with histopathological examination

References

  1. ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.
  2. ↑ Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.
  3. ↑ Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R (February 2019). "Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 27: 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006. PMC 6302027. PMID 30603660. Vancouver style error: name (help)
  4. ↑ . doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Brenner PF (September 1996). "Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 2): 766–9. PMID 8828559.
  6. ↑ Alcázar, Juan Luis; Arribas, Sara; Mínguez, José Angel; Jurado, Matías (2014). "The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 64 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4. ISSN 0971-9202.
  7. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  8. ↑ Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.
  9. ↑ Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.
  10. ↑ Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.
  11. ↑ Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.
  12. ↑ Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM (May 2000). "Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (5): 764–9. PMID 10775744.
  13. ↑ Kamra, Hemlata T (2013). "Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805. ISSN 2249-782X.
  14. ↑ El-agwany, Ahmed Samy (2015). "Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001. ISSN 0378-603X.
  15. ↑ Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.
  16. ↑ Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.
  17. ↑ Kanaan, Daniel; Parente, Daniella Braz; Constantino, Carolina Pesce Lamas; Souza, Rodrigo Canellas de (2012). "Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética". Radiologia Brasileira. 45 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009. ISSN 0100-3984.
  18. ↑ Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.
  19. ↑ Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A (September 2017). "Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis". Sex Med. 5 (3): e212–e214. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001. PMC 5562466. PMID 28460993.
  20. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  21. ↑ Sharma, Abhishek; Ojha, Ranapratap; Sengupta, Parama; Chattopadhyay, Sarbani; Mondal, Soumit (2013). "Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case". Nigerian Medical Journal. 54 (4): 271. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119670. ISSN 0300-1652.
  22. ↑ Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.
  23. ↑ Rosenfeld WD, Clark J (June 1989). "Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 489–511. PMID 2660084.
  24. ↑ Trobough GE (March 1978). "Pelvic pain and the IUD". J Reprod Med. 20 (3): 167–74. PMID 347074.
  25. ↑ Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem B, van Bergen J, Dukers-Muijrers N, Götz HM, Hoebe C, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande M, Morré SA, van den Broek I (January 2019). "Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial". Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778. PMID 30606817. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  26. ↑ Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.
  27. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  28. ↑ Datta S, Kunde K (July 2008). "From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 (5): 552–3. doi:10.1080/01443610802247352. PMID 18850447.
  29. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  30. ↑ Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.
  31. ↑ Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.
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  33. ↑ van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.
  34. ↑ Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.
  35. ↑ Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ (January 2010). "Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e. PMID 19952933.
  36. ↑ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.
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  38. ↑ Bin Park, Sung; Lee, Jong Hwa; Lee, Young Ho; Song, Mi Jin; Choi, Hye Jeong (2010). "Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (2): 517–523. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3619. ISSN 0361-803X.
  39. ↑ Okamoto, Yoshikazu; Tanaka, Yumiko O.; Nishida, Masato; Tsunoda, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki; Itai, Yuji (2003). "MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation". RadioGraphics. 23 (2): 425–445. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. ISSN 0271-5333.
  40. ↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.
  45. ↑ Jacques Donnez & Marie-Madeleine Dolmans (2016). "Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future". Human reproduction update. 22 (6): 665–686. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw023. PMID 27466209. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Mohamed Sabry & Ayman Al-Hendy (2012). "Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma". Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 19 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1177/1933719111432867. PMID 22378865. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ Sahana Gupta, Jude Jose & Isaac Manyonda (2008). "Clinical presentation of fibroids". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 22 (4): 615–626. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.008. PMID 18372219. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ "ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (2): 413–25. August 2005. PMID 16055605.
  49. ↑ Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB (October 2009). "Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review". Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (1): 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011. PMID 19592079.
  50. ↑ Bokhman JV (February 1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. PMID 6822361.
  51. ↑ Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F (November 2010). "Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer". Cancer Causes Control. 21 (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8. PMC 2962676. PMID 20628804.
  52. ↑ Vera Silva, Paulo Correia, Nuno Oliveira & Luis Sa (2015). "Primary Vaginal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of a Rare Clinical Entity". Clinics and practice. 5 (4): 821. doi:10.4081/cp.2015.821. PMID 26918105. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  53. ↑ Feng Wang, Xuquan Jing, Bo Liu, Xue Meng, Xindong Sun, Yongsheng Gao, Linlin Wang & Zheng Fu (2018). "Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: A case report". Oncology letters. 15 (3): 3504–3507. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.7805. PMID 29556272. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Salvatore Guastafierro, Amando Tedeschi, Clelia Criscuolo, Maria Celentano, Luigi Cobellis, Raffaele Rossiello & Umberto Falcone (2012). "Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: a case report and a review of the literature". Acta haematologica. 128 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1159/000337336. PMID 22584110.
  55. ↑ A. I. al-Nafussi, G. Rebello, D. Hughes & K. Blessing (1992). "Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer". Histopathology. 20 (2): 145–150. PMID 1302457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ Sunil Kumar Samal, Setu Rathod & Seetesh Ghose (2015). "Fibroepithelial Polyps of the Vagina in Pregnancy". Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 9 (10): QJ01–QJ02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13329.6656. PMID 26557576. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ M. Petrova, J. Laco, K. Cervicek & M. Tomsova (2015). "[Tubulo-squamous polyp of the vagina]". Ceska gynekologie. 80 (3): 173–175. PMID 26087210. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ Alexis Heller, Adanna Ukazu & Qing Wang (2017). "Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp". International journal of surgical pathology. 25 (1): 54–55. doi:10.1177/1066896916666676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ Marguerite B. Vigliani (2017). "A Report of Two Cases of Age-Related Changes in Cervical Morphology in Postmenopausal Women with Vaginal Adenosis". Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology. 2017: 9523853. doi:10.1155/2017/9523853. PMID 28316850.
  60. ↑ Tiantian Han, Ying Jin, Yan Li, Yalan Bi & Lingya Pan (2018). "Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of primary vaginal adenosis as a dermatologic and gynecologic burden: A retrospective study". Medicine. 97 (49): e13470. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013470. PMID 30544435. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ C. Kranl, B. Zelger, H. Kofler, K. Heim, N. Sepp & P. Fritsch (1998). "Vulval and vaginal adenosis". The British journal of dermatology. 139 (1): 128–131. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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