Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma causes: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life-threatening Causes===
=== Genetic Causes ===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
*Waldenström Macroglobulinemia is most probably caused by a [[somatic mutation]] in the [[MYD88]] gene (seen in 90% of cases) or CXR4 gene (seen in 30% of cases).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
*Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
| author = [[Steven P. Treon]], [[Lian Xu]], [[Guang Yang]], [[Yangsheng Zhou]], [[Xia Liu]], [[Yang Cao]], [[Patricia Sheehy]], [[Robert J. Manning]], [[Christopher J. Patterson]], [[Christina Tripsas]], [[Luca Arcaini]], [[Geraldine S. Pinkus]], [[Scott J. Rodig]], [[Aliyah R. Sohani]], [[Nancy Lee Harris]], [[Jason M. Laramie]], [[Donald A. Skifter]], [[Stephen E. Lincoln]] & [[Zachary R. Hunter]]
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
| title = MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 367
| issue = 9
| pages = 826–833
| year = 2012
| month = August
| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1200710
| pmid = 22931316
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Zachary R. Hunter]], [[Lian Xu]], [[Guang Yang]], [[Yangsheng Zhou]], [[Xia Liu]], [[Yang Cao]], [[Robert J. Manning]], [[Christina Tripsas]], [[Christopher J. Patterson]], [[Patricia Sheehy]] & [[Steven P. Treon]]
| title = The genomic landscape of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis
| journal = [[Blood]]
| volume = 123
| issue = 11
| pages = 1637–1646
| year = 2014
| month = March
| doi = 10.1182/blood-2013-09-525808
| pmid = 24366360
}}</ref>


===Common Causes===
=== Less Common Causes ===
Common causes of [disease name] may include:
Less common causes of Waldenström macroglobulinemia may include:<ref name="UTDR">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Lim KH, Kohlhammer H, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Shaffer AL, Romesser P, Wright G, Powell J, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Staudt LM |title=Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma |journal=Nature |volume=470 |issue=7332 |pages=115–9 |year=2011 |pmid=21179087 |doi=10.1038/nature09671 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
*[Cause1]
| author = [[Roelandt F. J. Schop]], [[W. Michael Kuehl]], [[Scott A. Van Wier]], [[Gregory J. Ahmann]], [[Tammy Price-Troska]], [[Richard J. Bailey]], [[Syed M. Jalal]], [[Ying Qi]], [[Robert A. Kyle]], [[Philip R. Greipp]] & [[Rafael Fonseca]]
*[Cause2]
| title = Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions
*[Cause3]
| journal = [[Blood]]
 
| volume = 100
 
| issue = 8
OR
| pages = 2996–3001
 
| year = 2002
 
| month = October
*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
| doi = 10.1182/blood.V100.8.2996
*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
| pmid = 12351413
 
}}</ref>
===Less Common Causes===
*[[Chromosomal abnormalities]]: deletions of 6q23 and 13q14, and gains of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q.
Less common causes of [disease name] include:
*Personal and family history of [[autoimmune diseases]] with autoantibodies and chronic immune stimulation leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing WM, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
*[Cause1]
**Hepatitis C virus infection (overall 20-30% increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymohoma and 3-fold increased risk for WM).<ref name="pmid18703425">{{cite journal| author=Kristinsson SY, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I, Landgren O| title=Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a population-based study in Sweden. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 112 | issue= 8 | pages= 3052-6 | pmid=18703425 | doi=10.1182/blood-2008-06-162768 | pmc=2569164 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18703425  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18809818">{{cite journal| author=Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O| title=Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 17 | pages= 1903-9 | pmid=18809818 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4 | pmc=2670401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809818  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18387498">{{cite journal| author=de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM et al.| title=Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2008 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 451-8 | pmid=18387498 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011 | pmc=3962672 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18387498  }} </ref>
*[Cause2]
**HIV.<ref name="pmid18809818">{{cite journal| author=Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O| title=Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 17 | pages= 1903-9 | pmid=18809818 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4 | pmc=2670401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809818  }} </ref>
*[Cause3]
**Rickettsiosis.<ref name="pmid18809818">{{cite journal| author=Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O| title=Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 17 | pages= 1903-9 | pmid=18809818 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4 | pmc=2670401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18809818  }} </ref>
 
**Sjogren syndrome.<ref name="pmid20181958">{{cite journal| author=Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I et al.| title=Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2010 | volume= 102 | issue= 8 | pages= 557-67 | pmid=20181958 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djq043 | pmc=2857799 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20181958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18263783">{{cite journal| author=Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J et al.| title=Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 111 | issue= 8 | pages= 4029-38 | pmid=18263783 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 | pmc=2288717 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18263783  }} </ref>
===Genetic Causes===
**Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.<ref name="pmid20181958">{{cite journal| author=Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I et al.| title=Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2010 | volume= 102 | issue= 8 | pages= 557-67 | pmid=20181958 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djq043 | pmc=2857799 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20181958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18263783">{{cite journal| author=Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J et al.| title=Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 111 | issue= 8 | pages= 4029-38 | pmid=18263783 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 | pmc=2288717 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18263783  }} </ref>
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
**Sarcoidosis.<ref name="pmid16985251">{{cite journal| author=Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH et al.| title=Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 18 | pages= 1321-30 | pmid=16985251 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djj361 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985251  }} </ref>
 
**SLE.<ref name="pmid18263783">{{cite journal| author=Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J et al.| title=Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 111 | issue= 8 | pages= 4029-38 | pmid=18263783 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974 | pmc=2288717 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18263783  }} </ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
*Hay fever.
 
*[[Environmental factor|Environmental factors]]:
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
**According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have association with the development of WM:<ref name="pmid20308603">{{cite journal| author=Royer RH, Koshiol J, Giambarresi TR, Vasquez LG, Pfeiffer RM, McMaster ML| title=Differential characteristics of Waldenström macroglobulinemia according to patterns of familial aggregation. | journal=Blood | year= 2010 | volume= 115 | issue= 22 | pages= 4464-71 | pmid=20308603 | doi=10.1182/blood-2009-10-247973 | pmc=2881498 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20308603  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25174029">{{cite journal| author=Vajdic CM, Landgren O, McMaster ML, Slager SL, Brooks-Wilson A, Smith A et al.| title=Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= 48 | pages= 87-97 | pmid=25174029 | doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu002 | pmc=4155457 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25174029  }} </ref>
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
***Occupational (Farming).
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
***[[Pesticides]].
|-
***Paint.
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
***Rubber dyes.
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
***Benzene.
|-
***Coal dust.
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
***Leather manufacturing.
| '''Dental'''
***Wood dust.
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
***Organic solvents.
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* Cause 1
* Cause 2
* Cause 3
* Cause 4
* Cause 5
* Cause 6
* Cause 7
* Cause 8
* Cause 9
* Cause 10
</div>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:28, 12 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Genetic Causes

  • Waldenström Macroglobulinemia is most probably caused by a somatic mutation in the MYD88 gene (seen in 90% of cases) or CXR4 gene (seen in 30% of cases).[1][2]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of Waldenström macroglobulinemia may include:[3][4]

  • Chromosomal abnormalities: deletions of 6q23 and 13q14, and gains of 3q13-q28, 6p and 18q.
  • Personal and family history of autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies and chronic immune stimulation leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing WM, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
    • Hepatitis C virus infection (overall 20-30% increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymohoma and 3-fold increased risk for WM).[5][6][7]
    • HIV.[6]
    • Rickettsiosis.[6]
    • Sjogren syndrome.[8][9]
    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.[8][9]
    • Sarcoidosis.[10]
    • SLE.[9]
  • Hay fever.
  • Environmental factors:
    • According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have association with the development of WM:[11][12]
      • Occupational (Farming).
      • Pesticides.
      • Paint.
      • Rubber dyes.
      • Benzene.
      • Coal dust.
      • Leather manufacturing.
      • Wood dust.
      • Organic solvents.

References

  1. ↑ Steven P. Treon, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Patricia Sheehy, Robert J. Manning, Christopher J. Patterson, Christina Tripsas, Luca Arcaini, Geraldine S. Pinkus, Scott J. Rodig, Aliyah R. Sohani, Nancy Lee Harris, Jason M. Laramie, Donald A. Skifter, Stephen E. Lincoln & Zachary R. Hunter (2012). "MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". The New England journal of medicine. 367 (9): 826–833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200710. PMID 22931316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Zachary R. Hunter, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Robert J. Manning, Christina Tripsas, Christopher J. Patterson, Patricia Sheehy & Steven P. Treon (2014). "The genomic landscape of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis". Blood. 123 (11): 1637–1646. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-09-525808. PMID 24366360. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Ngo VN, Young RM, Schmitz R, Jhavar S, Xiao W, Lim KH, Kohlhammer H, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Shaffer AL, Romesser P, Wright G, Powell J, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Delabie J, Smeland EB, Fisher RI, Braziel RM, Tubbs RR, Cook JR, Weisenburger DD, Chan WC, Staudt LM (2011). "Oncogenically active MYD88 mutations in human lymphoma". Nature. 470 (7332): 115–9. doi:10.1038/nature09671. PMID 21179087.
  4. ↑ Roelandt F. J. Schop, W. Michael Kuehl, Scott A. Van Wier, Gregory J. Ahmann, Tammy Price-Troska, Richard J. Bailey, Syed M. Jalal, Ying Qi, Robert A. Kyle, Philip R. Greipp & Rafael Fonseca (2002). "Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia neoplastic cells lack immunoglobulin heavy chain locus translocations but have frequent 6q deletions". Blood. 100 (8): 2996–3001. doi:10.1182/blood.V100.8.2996. PMID 12351413. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Kristinsson SY, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I, Landgren O (2008). "Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a population-based study in Sweden". Blood. 112 (8): 3052–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-06-162768. PMC 2569164. PMID 18703425.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O (2008). "Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia". Arch Intern Med. 168 (17): 1903–9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4. PMC 2670401. PMID 18809818.
  7. ↑ de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM; et al. (2008). "Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 6 (4): 451–8. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011. PMC 3962672. PMID 18387498.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I; et al. (2010). "Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 (8): 557–67. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq043. PMC 2857799. PMID 20181958.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J; et al. (2008). "Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium". Blood. 111 (8): 4029–38. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974. PMC 2288717. PMID 18263783.
  10. ↑ Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH; et al. (2006). "Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia". J Natl Cancer Inst. 98 (18): 1321–30. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj361. PMID 16985251.
  11. ↑ Royer RH, Koshiol J, Giambarresi TR, Vasquez LG, Pfeiffer RM, McMaster ML (2010). "Differential characteristics of Waldenström macroglobulinemia according to patterns of familial aggregation". Blood. 115 (22): 4464–71. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-10-247973. PMC 2881498. PMID 20308603.
  12. ↑ Vajdic CM, Landgren O, McMaster ML, Slager SL, Brooks-Wilson A, Smith A; et al. (2014). "Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014 (48): 87–97. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu002. PMC 4155457. PMID 25174029.

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