Diplopia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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|Wernicke's encephalopathy | |Wernicke's encephalopathy<ref name="pmid28924437">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serlin T, Moisseiev E |title=Fundus Findings in Wernicke Encephalopathy |journal=Case Rep Ophthalmol |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=406–409 |date=2017 |pmid=28924437 |doi=10.1159/000478924 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlNystagmus from Wernicke’s Encephalopathy | NEJM">{{cite web |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1615499 |title=Nystagmus from Wernicke’s Encephalopathy | NEJM |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
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* Thiamine deficiency leads to metabolic failure and tissue injury | * Thiamine deficiency leads to metabolic failure and tissue injury | ||
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* Preretinal hemorrhage | |||
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Revision as of 00:01, 18 February 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Diplopia may be caused by disorders of the orbit, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction dysfuntion, paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves, and injuries affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Given the various causes of diplopia, it is important to differentiate between the different causes that lead to diplopia.
Differentiating Diplopia From Other Diseases
Diplopia may be caused by disorders of the orbit, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction dysfuntion, paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves, and injuries affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Given the various causes of diplopia, it is important to differentiate between the different causes that lead to diplopia. The following table differentiates between various causes of diplopia:
| Dilopia causing disorder | Subcategory | Mechanism | Distinguising Features | Exam Findings |
| Orbital disorder | Trauma |
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| Orbital apex mass[1] |
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| Orbital cellulitis[2][3] |
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| Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (Grave's disease)[4][5] |
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| Extraocular muscle disorder | Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy due to ocular surgery | |||
| Extraocular muscle injury or hematoma | ||||
| Congenital myopathie | ||||
| Mitochondrial myopathies, | ||||
| Muscular dystrophy | ||||
| Neuromuscular junction dysfunction | Myasthenia gravis[6][7] |
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| Botulism[8] |
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| Palsies of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerves | Oculomotor nerve palsy |
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| Trochlear nerve palsy |
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| Abducens nerve palsy |
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| Central nervous system injury (pathways and cranial nerve nuclei) | Basilar artery thrombosis[9][10] |
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| Vertebral dissection[11][12] |
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| Aneurysm |
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| Wernicke's encephalopathy[13][14] |
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References
- ↑ "thejns.org".
- ↑ Chaudhry IA, Al-Rashed W, Arat YO (January 2012). "The hot orbit: orbital cellulitis". Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 19 (1): 34–42. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.92114. PMID 22346113.
- ↑ Lee S, Yen MT (January 2011). "Management of preseptal and orbital cellulitis". Saudi J Ophthalmol. 25 (1): 21–9. doi:10.1016/j.sjopt.2010.10.004. PMID 23960899.
- ↑ Şahlı E, Gündüz K (April 2017). "Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy". Turk J Ophthalmol. 47 (2): 94–105. doi:10.4274/tjo.80688. PMID 28405484.
- ↑ Barrio-Barrio J, Sabater AL, Bonet-Farriol E, Velázquez-Villoria Á, Galofré JC (2015). "Graves' Ophthalmopathy: VISA versus EUGOGO Classification, Assessment, and Management". J Ophthalmol. 2015: 249125. doi:10.1155/2015/249125. PMID 26351570.
- ↑ "Update on the Diagnosis of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis - American Academy of Ophthalmology".
- ↑ Nair AG, Patil-Chhablani P, Venkatramani DV, Gandhi RA (October 2014). "Ocular myasthenia gravis: a review". Indian J Ophthalmol. 62 (10): 985–91. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.145987. PMC 4278125. PMID 25449931.
- ↑ Khakshoor H, Moghaddam AA, Vejdani AH, Armstrong BK, Moshirfar M (May 2012). "Diplopia as the primary presentation of foodborne botulism". Oman J Ophthalmol. 5 (2): 109–11. doi:10.4103/0974-620X.99375. PMC 3441016. PMID 22993467.
- ↑ Demel SL, Broderick JP (July 2015). "Basilar Occlusion Syndromes: An Update". Neurohospitalist. 5 (3): 142–50. doi:10.1177/1941874415583847. PMID 26288672.
- ↑ von Campe G, Regli F, Bogousslavsky J (December 2003). "Heralding manifestations of basilar artery occlusion with lethal or severe stroke". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 74 (12): 1621–6. PMID 14638878.
- ↑ Park KW, Park JS, Hwang SC, Im SB, Shin WH, Kim BT (September 2008). "Vertebral artery dissection: natural history, clinical features and therapeutic considerations". J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 44 (3): 109–15. doi:10.3340/jkns.2008.44.3.109. PMID 19096659.
- ↑ Gottesman RF, Sharma P, Robinson KA, Arnan M, Tsui M, Ladha K, Newman-Toker DE (September 2012). "Clinical characteristics of symptomatic vertebral artery dissection: a systematic review". Neurologist. 18 (5): 245–54. doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e31826754e1. PMID 22931728.
- ↑ Serlin T, Moisseiev E (2017). "Fundus Findings in Wernicke Encephalopathy". Case Rep Ophthalmol. 8 (2): 406–409. doi:10.1159/000478924. PMID 28924437.
- ↑ "Nystagmus from Wernicke's Encephalopathy | NEJM".