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==Overveiw==
==Overveiw==
It is difficult to distinguish subtypes of ovarian germ cell tumor on gross pathology alone. The majority of ovarian germ cell tumors have a solid and cystic appearance with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. On microscopic pathology, ovarian germ cell tumors may be characterized by a uniform “fried egg” appearance (dysgerminoma), the presence of Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor),  presence of embryonic-like neural, gastrointestinal, and/or cartilaginous tissue (teratoma), or mixed histopathological features (embryonal cell carcinoma).
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
 
The pathophysiology of ovarian germ cell tumors depends on the histological subtype. However, their origin is the primordial germ cells that transformed pathologically in different stages of development.
OR
 
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
 
OR
 
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===Physiology===
===Physiology===
Line 36: Line 11:


===Pathogenesis===
===Pathogenesis===
*The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.
*The exact pathogenesis of or is not completely understood.
OR
OR
*It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
*It is understood that ovarian germ cell tumors are the result of the pathologic transformation of primordial germ cells during different stages of the development.<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

Revision as of 20:15, 25 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]

Overveiw

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3]. [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells]. The pathophysiology of ovarian germ cell tumors depends on the histological subtype. However, their origin is the primordial germ cells that transformed pathologically in different stages of development.

Pathophysiology

Physiology

The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:

Pathogenesis

  • The exact pathogenesis of or is not completely understood.

OR

  • It is understood that ovarian germ cell tumors are the result of the pathologic transformation of primordial germ cells during different stages of the development.[1]
  • [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
  • The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
  • The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

OR

Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

  • [Gene1]
  • [Gene2]
  • [Gene3]

OR

The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

  • [Mutation 1]
  • [Mutation 2]
  • [Mutation 3]

Associated Conditions

Conditions associated with [disease name] include:

  • [Condition 1]
  • [Condition 2]
  • [Condition 3]

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Gross Pathology

Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype Features on Gross Pathology
Dysgerminoma
  • External surface is smooth and bosselated (knobby)[2]
  • Soft, fleshy and either cream-colored, gray, pink or tan in color on cut surface
Endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumors
  • External surface is smooth and glistening[3]
  • Cut surface is cystic with hemorrhage and necrosis
Embryonal Carcinoma
Teratoma

Teratoma-mature

  • Solid or cystic[5]
  • Cystic content may contain greasy material composed of keratin, hair, and teeth
  • Teeth may be found in Rokitansky’s protuberance - a well-defined, nipple-like structure covered with hair

Teratoma-immature

  • Bulky, solid or cystic with necrosis, hemorrhage[6]

Microscopic Pathology

Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype Features on Histopathological Microscopic Analysis Image
Dysgerminomas
  • Uniform cells with "fried egg appearance" (large cytoplasm and small nucleus) that resemble primordial germ cells[2]
  • The stroma contains lymphocytes and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like granulomas
Micrograph a seminoma, a tumor that is histologically indistinguishable from dysgerminoma.
Endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumors
  • Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble renal glomeruli) - key feature[7]
Micrograph showing the yolk sac component of a mixed germ cell tumor.


Embryonal carcinoma

Main features:[4]

  • Nuclear atypia
  • Nucleoli prominent
  • Necrosis common
  • Nuclei overlap

Additional features that are often mixed:

  • Variable architecture:
  • Tubulopapillary
  • Glandular
  • Solid
  • Embryoid bodies - ball of cells surrounded by empty space on three sides
  • Mitoses common
Embryonal carcinoma
Teratoma

Mature teratoma

  • The sections show ovarian parenchyma with a lesion consisting of benign dermal, gastrointestinal, and neural elements [8]
  • The neural elements show focal degenerative changes with macrophages and giant cells
  • Siderophages are present

Immature teratoma

  • Primitive neuroepithelium[9]
  • Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) +ve
  • Neuron-specific B tubulin +ve
  • Synaptophysin +ve
Teratoma

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

  1. ↑ El-Maarri, Osman; Rijlaarsdam, Martin A.; Tax, David M. J.; Gillis, Ad J. M.; Dorssers, Lambert C. J.; Koestler, Devin C.; de Ridder, Jeroen; Looijenga, Leendert H. J. (2015). "Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0122146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122146. ISSN 1932-6203.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dysgerminoma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgerminoma. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
  3. ↑ Ovary tumor Germ cell tumors Yolk sac tumor. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumoryolksac.html. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Abbas, Fausto, Mitchell (2010). Basic Pathology. Elsevier. pp. 696–697. ISBN 978-81-312-1036-9.
  5. ↑ Ovary tumor Germ cell tumors Teratoma-maturehttp://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorteratomamature.html. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
  6. ↑ Ovary tumor Germ cell tumors Teratoma-immature. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorteratomaimmature.html. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
  7. ↑ Endodermal sinus tumor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
  8. ↑ Mature teratoma. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Teratoma#Mature_teratoma. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
  9. ↑ Immature teratoma. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Teratoma#Mature_teratoma. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015

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