Ovarian germ cell tumor pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overveiw== | ==Overveiw== | ||
The pathophysiology of ovarian germ cell tumors depends on the histological subtype. However, their origin is the primordial germ cells that transformed pathologically in different stages of development. | The [[pathophysiology]] of [[ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] depends on the [[histological]] subtype. However, their origin is the [[primordial germ cells]] that [[Transformation|transformed]] [[Pathology|pathologically]] in different stages of development. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===Physiology=== | ===Physiology=== | ||
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows: | The normal [[physiology]] of [name of process] can be understood as follows: | ||
===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
*The exact pathogenesis of or is not completely understood. | *The exact [[pathogenesis]] of or is not completely understood. | ||
OR | OR | ||
*It is understood that ovarian germ cell tumors are the result of the pathologic transformation of primordial germ cells during different stages of the development.<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref> | *It is understood that [[ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] are the result of the [[Pathology|pathologic]] [[transformation]] of [[primordial germ cells]] during different stages of the development.<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref> | ||
===Mature teratoma=== | ===Mature teratoma=== | ||
*Mature teratomas are benign tumors originating from pathologic development of primordial germ cells.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref> | *Mature teratomas are [[benign tumors]] originating from [[Pathology|pathologic]] development of [[primordial germ cells]].<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref> | ||
*It originates from a single germ cell tumor after the first phase of meiosis.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref> | *It originates from a single [[germ cell]] [[tumor]] after the first phase of [[Meiosis I|meiosis]].<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref> | ||
*These tumors contain the well-differentiated component of three germ layers.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref> | *These [[tumors]] contain the well-[[Differentiation|differentiated]] component of three [[germ layers]].<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref> | ||
*Their usual location is the embryonic fusion line overhead and neck, mediastinum, a and presacral area and tend to present at a greater extent in the midline. | *Their usual location is the [[embryonic]] fusion line overhead and [[neck]], [[mediastinum]], a and presacral area and tend to present at a greater extent in the midline. | ||
===Dysgerminoma=== | ===Dysgerminoma=== | ||
*Dysgerminoma arises from primordial germ cells, which are gonadal cells that are normally involved in the gametogenesis.<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref> | *Dysgerminoma arises from [[primordial germ cells]], which are [[gonadal]] [[cells]] that are normally involved in the [[gametogenesis]].<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref> | ||
*The majority of dysgerminomas in women present in the stage 1A.<ref name="pmid22407668">{{cite journal |vauthors=A L Husaini H, Soudy H, El Din Darwish A, Ahmed M, Eltigani A, A L Mubarak M, Sabaa AA, Edesa W, A L-Tweigeri T, Al-Badawi IA |title=Pure dysgerminoma of the ovary: a single institutional experience of 65 patients |journal=Med. Oncol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=2944–8 |date=December 2012 |pmid=22407668 |doi=10.1007/s12032-012-0194-z |url=}}</ref> | *The majority of dysgerminomas in women present in the stage 1A.<ref name="pmid22407668">{{cite journal |vauthors=A L Husaini H, Soudy H, El Din Darwish A, Ahmed M, Eltigani A, A L Mubarak M, Sabaa AA, Edesa W, A L-Tweigeri T, Al-Badawi IA |title=Pure dysgerminoma of the ovary: a single institutional experience of 65 patients |journal=Med. Oncol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=2944–8 |date=December 2012 |pmid=22407668 |doi=10.1007/s12032-012-0194-z |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Bilateral invovlement occurs in 10% to 15% of the cases. | *[[Bilateral]] invovlement occurs in 10% to 15% of the cases. | ||
*In < 15% of the affected cases, elements of other germ cell tumors can also be found.<ref name="pmid7279343">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gordon A, Lipton D, Woodruff JD |title=Dysgerminoma: a review of 158 cases from the Emil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=497–504 |date=October 1981 |pmid=7279343 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *In < 15% of the affected cases, elements of other [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] can also be found.<ref name="pmid7279343">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gordon A, Lipton D, Woodruff JD |title=Dysgerminoma: a review of 158 cases from the Emil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=497–504 |date=October 1981 |pmid=7279343 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Yolk sac tumor=== | ===Yolk sac tumor=== | ||
* | *These [[tumors]] develop from [[differentiation]] of [[Primordial germ cells|primitive germ cells]] in the direction of [[yolk sac]] or [[Vitelline arteries|vitelline structures]].<ref name="Young2014">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Robert H.|title=The Yolk Sac Tumor|journal=International Journal of Surgical Pathology|volume=22|issue=8|year=2014|pages=677–687|issn=1066-8969|doi=10.1177/1066896914558265}}</ref> | ||
*They tend to grow very rapidly.<ref name="ShaabanRezvani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Shaaban|first1=Akram M.|last2=Rezvani|first2=Maryam|last3=Elsayes|first3=Khaled M.|last4=Baskin|first4=Henry|last5=Mourad|first5=Amr|last6=Foster|first6=Bryan R.|last7=Jarboe|first7=Elke A.|last8=Menias|first8=Christine O.|title=Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=34|issue=3|year=2014|pages=777–801|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.343130067}}</ref> | *They tend to grow very rapidly.<ref name="ShaabanRezvani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Shaaban|first1=Akram M.|last2=Rezvani|first2=Maryam|last3=Elsayes|first3=Khaled M.|last4=Baskin|first4=Henry|last5=Mourad|first5=Amr|last6=Foster|first6=Bryan R.|last7=Jarboe|first7=Elke A.|last8=Menias|first8=Christine O.|title=Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=34|issue=3|year=2014|pages=777–801|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.343130067}}</ref> | ||
*Bilateral involvement occurs in less than 5% of the cases. | *[[Bilateral]] involvement occurs in less than 5% of the cases. | ||
*In 10% of the cases, the contralateral ovary carries a dermoid cyst. | *In 10% of the cases, the [[contralateral]] ovary carries a [[dermoid cyst]]. | ||
*In 40% of cases, they are accompanied by other types of germ cell tumors.<ref name="KojimaharaNakahara2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kojimahara|first1=Takanobu|last2=Nakahara|first2=Kenji|last3=Takano|first3=Tadao|last4=Yaegashi|first4=Nobuo|last5=Nishiyama|first5=Hiroshi|last6=Fujimori|first6=Keiya|last7=Sato|first7=Naoki|last8=Terada|first8=Yukihiro|last9=Tase|first9=Toru|last10=Yokoyama|first10=Yoshihito|last11=Mizunuma|first11=Hideki|last12=Shoji|first12=Tadahiro|last13=Sugiyama|first13=Toru|last14=Kurachi|first14=Hirohisa|title=Yolk Sac Tumor of the Ovary: A Retrospective Multicenter Study of 33 Japanese Women by Tohoku Gynecologic Cancer Unit (TGCU)|journal=The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=230|issue=4|year=2013|pages=211–217|issn=1349-3329|doi=10.1620/tjem.230.211}}</ref> | *In 40% of cases, they are accompanied by other types of [[germ cell]] [[tumors]].<ref name="KojimaharaNakahara2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kojimahara|first1=Takanobu|last2=Nakahara|first2=Kenji|last3=Takano|first3=Tadao|last4=Yaegashi|first4=Nobuo|last5=Nishiyama|first5=Hiroshi|last6=Fujimori|first6=Keiya|last7=Sato|first7=Naoki|last8=Terada|first8=Yukihiro|last9=Tase|first9=Toru|last10=Yokoyama|first10=Yoshihito|last11=Mizunuma|first11=Hideki|last12=Shoji|first12=Tadahiro|last13=Sugiyama|first13=Toru|last14=Kurachi|first14=Hirohisa|title=Yolk Sac Tumor of the Ovary: A Retrospective Multicenter Study of 33 Japanese Women by Tohoku Gynecologic Cancer Unit (TGCU)|journal=The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=230|issue=4|year=2013|pages=211–217|issn=1349-3329|doi=10.1620/tjem.230.211}}</ref> | ||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
*Immature teratomas may be associated with chromosomal changes such as:<ref name="pmid10850452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA |title=DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3025–30 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10850452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Immature teratomas may be associated with [[chromosomal]] changes such as:<ref name="pmid10850452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA |title=DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3025–30 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10850452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Gain of all or parts of | **[[Gain]] of all or parts of | ||
***1p | ***1p | ||
***16p | ***16p | ||
***19 | ***19 | ||
***22q | ***22q | ||
*Dysgerminomas may be associated with gain or loss of complete or partial chromosomal materials such as:<ref name="pmid10850452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA |title=DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3025–30 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10850452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Dysgerminomas may be associated with gain or loss of complete or partial [[chromosomal]] materials such as:<ref name="pmid10850452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA |title=DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3025–30 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10850452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Gain of: | **Gain of: | ||
***1p | ***1p | ||
Line 48: | Line 46: | ||
***21q | ***21q | ||
***22q | ***22q | ||
***Whole of chromosome 7 | ***Whole of [[chromosome 7]] | ||
***Whole of chromosome 8 | ***Whole of [[chromosome 8]] | ||
***Whole of | ***Whole of [[chromosome 17]] | ||
***Whole of | ***Whole of [[chromosome 19]] | ||
**Losses from 13q | **Losses from 13q | ||
*Yolk sac tumor is associated with gaining of the 12p chromosome in 75% of the cases.<ref name="pmid10850452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA |title=DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3025–30 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10850452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Yolk sac tumor is associated with gaining of the 12p [[chromosome]] in 75% of the cases.<ref name="pmid10850452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA |title=DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=3025–30 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10850452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**It may also be associated with chromosomal changes such as: | **It may also be associated with chromosomal changes such as: | ||
***Gain of 1q | ***Gain of 1q | ||
Line 63: | Line 61: | ||
==Gross Pathology== | ==Gross Pathology== | ||
{| {{table}} | {| {{table}} cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:#c9c9c9 1px solid; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse;" | ||
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|''' Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype'''}} | | align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|''' Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype'''}} | ||
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Features on Gross Pathology'''}} | | align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Features on Gross Pathology'''}} | ||
Line 103: | Line 101: | ||
==Microscopic Pathology== | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
{| {{table}} | {| {{table}} cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:#c9c9c9 1px solid; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse;" | ||
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|''' Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype'''}} | | align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|''' Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype'''}} | ||
| align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Features on Histopathological Microscopic Analysis'''}} | | align="center" style="background: #4479BA;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Features on Histopathological Microscopic Analysis'''}} | ||
Line 131: | Line 129: | ||
|'''Teratoma'''|| | |'''Teratoma'''|| | ||
'''Mature teratoma''' | '''Mature teratoma''' | ||
* The sections show ovarian parenchyma with a lesion consisting of benign dermal, gastrointestinal, and neural elements.<ref name= wpp>Mature teratoma. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Teratoma#Mature_teratoma. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015</ref> | * The sections show ovarian parenchyma with a lesion consisting of benign dermal, gastrointestinal, and neural elements.<ref name="wpp">Mature teratoma. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Teratoma#Mature_teratoma. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015</ref> | ||
* The neural elements show focal degenerative changes with macrophages and giant cells | * The neural elements show focal degenerative changes with macrophages and giant cells | ||
* Siderophages are present. | * Siderophages are present. |
Revision as of 21:37, 6 March 2019
Ovarian germ cell tumor Microchapters |
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Ovarian germ cell tumor pathophysiology On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2] Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [3]
Overveiw
The pathophysiology of ovarian germ cell tumors depends on the histological subtype. However, their origin is the primordial germ cells that transformed pathologically in different stages of development.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
Pathogenesis
- The exact pathogenesis of or is not completely understood.
OR
- It is understood that ovarian germ cell tumors are the result of the pathologic transformation of primordial germ cells during different stages of the development.[1]
Mature teratoma
- Mature teratomas are benign tumors originating from pathologic development of primordial germ cells.[2]
- It originates from a single germ cell tumor after the first phase of meiosis.[3]
- These tumors contain the well-differentiated component of three germ layers.[2]
- Their usual location is the embryonic fusion line overhead and neck, mediastinum, a and presacral area and tend to present at a greater extent in the midline.
Dysgerminoma
- Dysgerminoma arises from primordial germ cells, which are gonadal cells that are normally involved in the gametogenesis.[1]
- The majority of dysgerminomas in women present in the stage 1A.[4]
- Bilateral invovlement occurs in 10% to 15% of the cases.
- In < 15% of the affected cases, elements of other germ cell tumors can also be found.[5]
Yolk sac tumor
- These tumors develop from differentiation of primitive germ cells in the direction of yolk sac or vitelline structures.[6]
- They tend to grow very rapidly.[7]
- Bilateral involvement occurs in less than 5% of the cases.
- In 10% of the cases, the contralateral ovary carries a dermoid cyst.
- In 40% of cases, they are accompanied by other types of germ cell tumors.[8]
Genetics
- Immature teratomas may be associated with chromosomal changes such as:[9]
- Gain of all or parts of
- 1p
- 16p
- 19
- 22q
- Gain of all or parts of
- Dysgerminomas may be associated with gain or loss of complete or partial chromosomal materials such as:[9]
- Gain of:
- 1p
- 6p
- 12p
- 12q
- 15q
- 20q
- 21q
- 22q
- Whole of chromosome 7
- Whole of chromosome 8
- Whole of chromosome 17
- Whole of chromosome 19
- Losses from 13q
- Gain of:
- Yolk sac tumor is associated with gaining of the 12p chromosome in 75% of the cases.[9]
- It may also be associated with chromosomal changes such as:
- Gain of 1q
- It may also be associated with chromosomal changes such as:
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with mature teratoma include:
- Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (although very rarely)[10]
- Rarely, they contain pituitary cells capable of prolactin production and is associated with prolactinoma.[11]
Gross Pathology
Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype | Features on Gross Pathology |
Dysgerminoma |
|
Endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumors | |
Embryonal Carcinoma |
|
Teratoma |
Teratoma-mature
Teratoma-immature
Teratoma-monodermal
|
Microscopic Pathology
Ovarian germ cell tumor subtype | Features on Histopathological Microscopic Analysis | Image |
Dysgerminomas |
|
|
Endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumors |
|
|
Embryonal carcinoma |
|
|
Teratoma |
Mature teratoma
Immature teratoma
|
Immunohistochemistry
Teratoma
- Usually, teratomas are diagnosed histologically and routine use of immunohistochemistry is not needed. However it may be needed in the diagnosis of immature and monodermal types.
- Neuronal elements of mature or immature teratomas are immunohistochemistically positive for:[17]
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
- neuron specific enolase (NSE)
- S-100
- Monodermal teratoma[14]
- Carcionid tumor may be positive for serotonin and hormonal peptides.
Dysgerminoma
- Dysgerminoma is positive for:[18]
- OCT4 (this marker is a key diagnostic factor for the diagnosis of dysgerminoma)
Yolk sac tumor
- Yolk sac tumors are positive for:[18][19]
- AFP
- Absence of AFP does not exclude the diagnosis.
- Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3)
- Placental-like alkaline phosphatase in 50% of the individuals.
- SALL4 (nuclear) in > 90% of the cases.
- GPC3
- AFP
Embryonal carcinoma
- These tumors are positive for:[7]
- CD30
- EMA
- OCT3/4
Chriocarcinoma
- These tumors stain for keratins strongly.[20]
- AE1
- AE3
- CAM5
- Trophoblastic cells are positive for CD10.
- Tumor may be positive for:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 El-Maarri, Osman; Rijlaarsdam, Martin A.; Tax, David M. J.; Gillis, Ad J. M.; Dorssers, Lambert C. J.; Koestler, Devin C.; de Ridder, Jeroen; Looijenga, Leendert H. J. (2015). "Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0122146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122146. ISSN 1932-6203.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vural, F.; Vural, B.; Paksoy, N. (2015). "Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 35 (7): 757–758. doi:10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525. ISSN 0144-3615.
- ↑ Linder, David; McCaw, Barbara Kaiser; Hecht, Frederick (1975). "Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas". New England Journal of Medicine. 292 (2): 63–66. doi:10.1056/NEJM197501092920202. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ A L Husaini H, Soudy H, El Din Darwish A, Ahmed M, Eltigani A, A L Mubarak M, Sabaa AA, Edesa W, A L-Tweigeri T, Al-Badawi IA (December 2012). "Pure dysgerminoma of the ovary: a single institutional experience of 65 patients". Med. Oncol. 29 (4): 2944–8. doi:10.1007/s12032-012-0194-z. PMID 22407668. Vancouver style error: missing comma (help)
- ↑ Gordon A, Lipton D, Woodruff JD (October 1981). "Dysgerminoma: a review of 158 cases from the Emil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry". Obstet Gynecol. 58 (4): 497–504. PMID 7279343.
- ↑ Young, Robert H. (2014). "The Yolk Sac Tumor". International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 22 (8): 677–687. doi:10.1177/1066896914558265. ISSN 1066-8969.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Shaaban, Akram M.; Rezvani, Maryam; Elsayes, Khaled M.; Baskin, Henry; Mourad, Amr; Foster, Bryan R.; Jarboe, Elke A.; Menias, Christine O. (2014). "Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features". RadioGraphics. 34 (3): 777–801. doi:10.1148/rg.343130067. ISSN 0271-5333.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kojimahara, Takanobu; Nakahara, Kenji; Takano, Tadao; Yaegashi, Nobuo; Nishiyama, Hiroshi; Fujimori, Keiya; Sato, Naoki; Terada, Yukihiro; Tase, Toru; Yokoyama, Yoshihito; Mizunuma, Hideki; Shoji, Tadahiro; Sugiyama, Toru; Kurachi, Hirohisa (2013). "Yolk Sac Tumor of the Ovary: A Retrospective Multicenter Study of 33 Japanese Women by Tohoku Gynecologic Cancer Unit (TGCU)". The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 230 (4): 211–217. doi:10.1620/tjem.230.211. ISSN 1349-3329.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Tropé CG, Peltomäki P, Lothe RA (June 2000). "DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors". Cancer Res. 60 (11): 3025–30. PMID 10850452.
- ↑ Dalmau, Josep; Gleichman, Amy J; Hughes, Ethan G; Rossi, Jeffrey E; Peng, Xiaoyu; Lai, Meizan; Dessain, Scott K; Rosenfeld, Myrna R; Balice-Gordon, Rita; Lynch, David R (2008). "Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies". The Lancet Neurology. 7 (12): 1091–1098. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2. ISSN 1474-4422.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kallenberg, GA; Pesce, CM; Norman, B; Ratner, RE; Silverberg, SG (1991). "Ectopic hyperprolactinemia resulting from an ovarian teratoma". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 34 (2): 194–195. doi:10.1016/0020-7292(91)90266-8. ISSN 0020-7292.
- ↑ Chen, Vivien W.; Ruiz, Bernardo; Killeen, Jeffrey L.; Cot�, Timothy R.; Wu, Xiao Cheng; Correa, Catherine N.; Howe, Holly L. (2003). "Pathology and classification of ovarian tumors". Cancer. 97 (S10): 2631–2642. doi:10.1002/cncr.11345. ISSN 0008-543X. replacement character in
|last4=
at position 4 (help) - ↑ Yayla Abide, Çiğdem; Bostancı Ergen, Evrim (2018). "Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature". Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology. 15 (2): 95–98. doi:10.4274/tjod.86244. ISSN 1307-699X.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Outwater, Eric K.; Siegelman, Evan S.; Hunt, Jennifer L. (2001). "Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics". RadioGraphics. 21 (2): 475–490. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475. ISSN 0271-5333.
- ↑ Mature teratoma. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Teratoma#Mature_teratoma. URL Accessed on November 12, 2015
- ↑ Ulbright TM (February 2005). "Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues". Mod. Pathol. 18 Suppl 2: S61–79. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800310. PMID 15761467.
- ↑ Takayama, Yoshiyasu; Matsumura, Nozomi; Nobusawa, Sumihito; Ikota, Hayato; Minegishi, Takashi; Yokoo, Hideaki (2015). "Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma". Virchows Archiv. 468 (3): 337–343. doi:10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8. ISSN 0945-6317.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Pectasides, D.; Pectasides, E.; Kassanos, D. (2008). "Germ cell tumors of the ovary". Cancer Treatment Reviews. 34 (5): 427–441. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.02.002. ISSN 0305-7372.
- ↑ Cao, Dengfeng; Guo, Shuangping; Allan, Robert W.; Molberg, Kyle H.; Peng, Yan (2009). "SALL4 Is a Novel Sensitive and Specific Marker of Ovarian Primitive Germ Cell Tumors and Is Particularly Useful in Distinguishing Yolk Sac Tumor From Clear Cell Carcinoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 33 (6): 894–904. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318198177d. ISSN 0147-5185.
- ↑ Ordi J, Romagosa C, Tavassoli FA, Nogales F, Palacin A, Condom E, Torné A, Cardesa A (February 2003). "CD10 expression in epithelial tissues and tumors of the gynecologic tract: a useful marker in the diagnosis of mesonephric, trophoblastic, and clear cell tumors". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 27 (2): 178–86. PMID 12548163.
- ↑ Banet, Natalie; Gown, Allen M.; Shih, Ie-Ming; Kay Li, Qing; Roden, Richard B.S.; Nucci, Marisa R.; Cheng, Liang; Przybycin, Christopher G.; Nasseri-Nik, Niloofar; Wu, Lee-Shu-Fune; Netto, George J.; Ronnett, Brigitte M.; Vang, Russell (2015). "GATA-3 Expression in Trophoblastic Tissues". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 39 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000315. ISSN 0147-5185.
- ↑ Miettinen, Markku; Wang, Zengfeng; McCue, Peter A.; Sarlomo-Rikala, Maarit; Rys, Janusz; Biernat, Wojciech; Lasota, Jerzy; Lee, Yi-Shan (2014). "SALL4 Expression in Germ Cell and Non–Germ Cell Tumors". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 38 (3): 410–420. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000116. ISSN 0147-5185.
- ↑ Niehans GA, Manivel JC, Copland GT, Scheithauer BW, Wick MR (September 1988). "Immunohistochemistry of germ cell and trophoblastic neoplasms". Cancer. 62 (6): 1113–23. PMID 2457424.