Acoustic neuroma causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Acoustic neuroma is the most common [[tumor]] of the cerebellopontine angle and responsible for 6-8% of all intracranial tumors, these evidence demonstrate the importance of how acoustic neuroma can develop. Numerous studies show the correlation between [[Neurofibromatosis type II|Neurofibromatosis type 2]] (NF2) and acoustic neuroma and some contraversial causes such as: occupational noise and cellular telephones use.   
Numerous studies show the correlation between [[Neurofibromatosis type II|Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)]] and acoustic neuroma. Other causes can include exposure to occupational noise and cellular telephone use.   


==Causes==
==Causes==
* '''Neurofibromatosis type 2'''
** Genetic studies have linked both sporadic and NF2-associated acoustic neuromas to a single [[gene]], the NF2 gene, located on [[chromosome 22]] band q11–13.1. [[Neurofibromatosis type II|Neurofibromatosis Type 2]] is an [[Dominance relationship|autosomal dominant]] disease caused by loss of function [[Mutation|mutations]]. Approximately half of the reported cases for NF2 represent new mutations for which no other affected family members can be identified. The NF2 gene has been postulated to represent a [[tumor suppressor gene]] because individuals affected with NF2 have schwannomas (neuromas) of other cranial, spinal, and cutaneous nerves; cranial and spinal meningiomas; and ependymomas and gliomas of the CNS. After identication of the gene, a number of groups have shown that patients with NF2 inherit a mutant NF2 [[allele]] and subsequently lose the remaining allele somatically during [[tumorigenesis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley Welling|first=D.|date=1998|title=Clinical Manifestations of Mutations in the Neurofibrornatosis Type 2 Gene in Vestibular Schwannornas (Acoustic Neurornas)|url=|journal=The Lezyngoscope|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=SUGHRUE|first=MICHAEL E.|date=2011|title=Molecular biology of familial and sporadic vestibular schwannomas: implications for novel therapeutics|url=|journal=J Neurosurg|volume=114|pages=|via=}}</ref>


* '''Childhood radiation'''
=== '''Neurofibromatosis type 2''' ===
** Childhood [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] exposure has been associated with an increased risk for developing several [[Neoplasm|neoplasms]], particularly [[benign]] and [[malignant]] [[thyroid]] tumors. The occurance of [[acoustic neuroma]] due to childhood radiation was unknown until a strongly evidence based [[Cohort study|cohort]] study demonstrate the association between acoustic neuromas and childhood radiation exposure. Following childhood radiation exposure, they appear after a long latency and continue to occur many decades afterward.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schneider|first=Arthur B.|date=2007|title=Acoustic neuromas following childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck|url=|journal=Neuro-Oncoly Oxford Journal|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
* [[Genetics|Genetic]] studies have linked both sporadic and [[Neurofibromatosis type II|NF2]]-associated acoustic neuromas to a single [[gene]], the NF2 [[gene]], located on [[chromosome 22]] band q11–13.1.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley Welling|first=D.|date=1998|title=Clinical Manifestations of Mutations in the Neurofibrornatosis Type 2 Gene in Vestibular Schwannornas (Acoustic Neurornas)|url=|journal=The Lezyngoscope|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=SUGHRUE|first=MICHAEL E.|date=2011|title=Molecular biology of familial and sporadic vestibular schwannomas: implications for novel therapeutics|url=|journal=J Neurosurg|volume=114|pages=|via=}}</ref>
* '''Suspected causes'''
** '''Cellular telephone use'''
*** Studies demonstrated that the use of cell phone for more than 10 years did not increase the risk of acoustic neuroma over the short term use and also, [[Tumor|tumors]] did not occur more frequently on the side of the head on which the telephone was typically used. Furthermore there is not any correlation between the size of tumor and and the pattern of cell phone usage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=Helle Collatz2004|date=|title=Cellular Telephone Use and Risk of Acoustic Neuroma|url=|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
**'''Occupational noise exposure'''
*** A small number of prior [[Epidemiology|epidemiologic]] studies of occupational noise exposure based on self-report have suggested an association with acoustic neuroma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Preston-Martin,|first=S.|date=1989|title=Noise trauma in the aetiology of acoustic neuromas in men in Los Angeles County, 1978-1985|url=|journal=Br. J. Cancer|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Contrary to those small studies, some more evidence based studies demonstrated that there is not any correlation between occupational noise exposure and increased risk for acoustic neuroma even after  a long latency period .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Colin G.|date=2005|title=Exposure to Loud Noise and Risk of Acoustic Neuroma|url=|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=163|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Colin G.|date=2007|title=Occupational Noise Exposure and Risk of Acoustic Neuroma|url=|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=166|pages=|via=}}</ref>


=== '''Childhood Radiation''' ===
* Exposure to radiation in childhood can lead to the development of acoustic neuroma.
* Acoustic neuroma, in this case, can occur after a long latency period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schneider|first=Arthur B.|date=2007|title=Acoustic neuromas following childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck|url=|journal=Neuro-Oncoly Oxford Journal|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
=== '''Other Causes''' ===
'''Cellular Telephone Use'''
* It is suspected that the long term use of cellular phones can also lead to the development of acoustic neuroma but this suspicion is not backed by any significant data.
'''Occupational noise exposure'''
* A small number of [[Epidemiology|epidemiologic]] studies of occupational noise exposure, based on self-report, have suggested an association with acoustic neuroma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Preston-Martin,|first=S.|date=1989|title=Noise trauma in the aetiology of acoustic neuromas in men in Los Angeles County, 1978-1985|url=|journal=Br. J. Cancer|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 16:59, 23 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Overview

Numerous studies show the correlation between Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and acoustic neuroma. Other causes can include exposure to occupational noise and cellular telephone use. 

Causes

Neurofibromatosis type 2

Childhood Radiation

  • Exposure to radiation in childhood can lead to the development of acoustic neuroma.
  • Acoustic neuroma, in this case, can occur after a long latency period.[3]

Other Causes

Cellular Telephone Use

  • It is suspected that the long term use of cellular phones can also lead to the development of acoustic neuroma but this suspicion is not backed by any significant data.

Occupational noise exposure

  • A small number of epidemiologic studies of occupational noise exposure, based on self-report, have suggested an association with acoustic neuroma.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Bradley Welling, D. (1998). "Clinical Manifestations of Mutations in the Neurofibrornatosis Type 2 Gene in Vestibular Schwannornas (Acoustic Neurornas)". The Lezyngoscope.
  2. ↑ SUGHRUE, MICHAEL E. (2011). "Molecular biology of familial and sporadic vestibular schwannomas: implications for novel therapeutics". J Neurosurg. 114.
  3. ↑ Schneider, Arthur B. (2007). "Acoustic neuromas following childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck". Neuro-Oncoly Oxford Journal.
  4. ↑ Preston-Martin,, S. (1989). "Noise trauma in the aetiology of acoustic neuromas in men in Los Angeles County, 1978-1985". Br. J. Cancer.

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